339 research outputs found
Trends in Speech Therapy in the Elementary Public Schools of the United States
One of the most significant developments in the American Educational System has been the extension of instructional services to Exceptional Children. The term âexceptional childrenâ has come to be applied to children who need special services because of physical, intellectual or personal-social differences from other children. In no other aspect has this development meant so much as it has in rendering educational assistance to the children with speech defects. Educators have long realized the importance of speech in the conduction of everyday life, but until recent years speech therapy had shown little progress
Baby Boomers vs Their Parents: Economic Well-being and Health Status
In this chapter, we use the Social Security Administrationâs simulation model known as MINT (Modeling Income in the Near Term) to examine the projected health and economic status of Baby Boomers and their parents during retirement. Our projections indicate that boomers will enjoy higher levels of economic well-being and health than their parents, yet the distribution of income and wealth is more unequal among Boomers. For example, the ratio of income to poverty-level income grows three times faster at the 90th percentile than at the 10th percentile. Health problems are concentrated among persons of lower economic status in both generations, but the degree of concentration does not increase across generations
Global Governance Behind Closed Doors : The IMF Boardroom, the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility, and the Intersection of Material Power and Norm Change in Global Politics
Up on the 12th floor of its 19th Street Headquarters, the IMF Board sits in active session for an average of 7 hours per week. Although key matters of policy are decided on in the venue, the rules governing Boardroom interactions remain opaque, resting on an uneasy combination of consensual decision-making and weighted voting. Through a detailed analysis of IMF Board discussions surrounding the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF), this article sheds light on the mechanics of power in this often overlooked venue of global economic governance. By exploring the key issues of default liability and loan conditionality, I demonstrate that whilst the Boardroom is a more active site of contestation than has hitherto been recognized, material power is a prime determinant of both Executive Directorsâ preferences and outcomes reached from discussions. And as the decisions reached form the backbone of the âinstruction sheetâ used by Fund staff to guide their everyday operational decisions, these outcomesâand the processes through which they were reachedâwere factors of primary importance in stabilizing the operational norms at the heart of a controversial phase in the contemporary history of IMF concessional lending
Mid-Infrared Spectrophotometric Observations of Fragments B and C of Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3
We present mid-infrared spectra and images from the GEMINI-N (+Michelle)
observations of fragments SW3-[B] and SW3-[C] of the ecliptic (Jupiter Family)
comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 pre-perihelion. We observed fragment B soon
after an outburst event (between 2006 April 16 - 26 UT) and detected
crystalline silicates. The mineralogy of both fragments was dominated by
amorphous carbon and amorphous pyroxene. The grain size distribution (assuming
a Hanner modified power-law) for fragment SW3-[B] has a peak grain radius of
a_p ~ 0.5 micron, and for fragment SW3-[C], a_p ~ 0.3 micron; both values
larger than the peak grain radius of the size distribution for the dust ejected
from ecliptic comet 9P/Tempel 1 during the Deep Impact event (a_p = 0.2 micron.
The silicate-to-carbon ratio and the silicate crystalline mass fraction for the
submicron to micron-size portion of the grain size distribution on the nucleus
of fragment SW3-[B] was 1.341 +0.250 -0.253 and 0.335 +0.089 -0.112,
respectively, while on the nucleus of fragment SW3-[C] was 0.671 +0.076 -0.076
and 0.257 +0.039 -0.043, respectively. The similarity in mineralogy and grain
properties between the two fragments implies that 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 is
homogeneous in composition. The slight differences in grain size distribution
and silicate-to-carbon ratio between the two fragments likely arises because
SW3-[B] was actively fragmenting throughout its passage while the activity in
SW3-[C] was primarily driven by jets. The lack of diverse mineralogy in the
fragments SW3-[B] and SW3-[C] of 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 along with the
relatively larger peak in the coma grain size distribution suggests the parent
body of this comet may have formed in a region of the solar nebula with
different environmental properties than the natal sites where comet C/1995 O1
(Hale-Bopp) and 9P/Tempel 1 nuclei aggregated.Comment: 31 pages, 5 figure, accepted for publication in A
Evaluating Student Volunteer and Service-Learning Programs: A Casebook for Practitioners
Today, evaluation concepts and methods are widely available to those who plan and administer student volunteer programs. Unfortunately, however, evaluation has all too often been carried out-and written about-in ways that have robbed it of its usefulness to people dealing with the realities of day-to-day program operation. Evaluation has thus acquired the reputation among practitioners of being too complex, too costly, too time-consuming, even too threatening to be of much practical value
ProtoDESI: First On-Sky Technology Demonstration for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument
The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) is under construction to
measure the expansion history of the universe using the baryon acoustic
oscillations technique. The spectra of 35 million galaxies and quasars over
14,000 square degrees will be measured during a 5-year survey. A new prime
focus corrector for the Mayall telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory will
deliver light to 5,000 individually targeted fiber-fed robotic positioners. The
fibers in turn feed ten broadband multi-object spectrographs. We describe the
ProtoDESI experiment, that was installed and commissioned on the 4-m Mayall
telescope from August 14 to September 30, 2016. ProtoDESI was an on-sky
technology demonstration with the goal to reduce technical risks associated
with aligning optical fibers with targets using robotic fiber positioners and
maintaining the stability required to operate DESI. The ProtoDESI prime focus
instrument, consisting of three fiber positioners, illuminated fiducials, and a
guide camera, was installed behind the existing Mosaic corrector on the Mayall
telescope. A Fiber View Camera was mounted in the Cassegrain cage of the
telescope and provided feedback metrology for positioning the fibers. ProtoDESI
also provided a platform for early integration of hardware with the DESI
Instrument Control System that controls the subsystems, provides communication
with the Telescope Control System, and collects instrument telemetry data.
Lacking a spectrograph, ProtoDESI monitored the output of the fibers using a
Fiber Photometry Camera mounted on the prime focus instrument. ProtoDESI was
successful in acquiring targets with the robotically positioned fibers and
demonstrated that the DESI guiding requirements can be met.Comment: Accepted versio
Effects of Long-Term Stowage on the Deployment of Bistable Tape Springs
In the context of strain-energy-deployed space structures, material relaxation effects play a significant role in structures that are stowed for long durations, for example, in a space vehicle prior to launch. Here, the deployment of an ultrathin carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) tape spring is studied, with the aim of understanding how longduration stowage affects its deployment behavior. Analytical modeling and experiments show that the deployment time increases predictably with stowage time and temperature, and analytical predictions are found to compare well with experiments. For cases where stress relaxation is excessive, the structure is shown to lose its ability to deploy autonomously
Colorectal Cancer Metastases Settle in the Hepatic Microenvironment Through \u3b15\u3b21 Integrin
Colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis dissemination to secondary sites represents the critical point for the patient0s survival. The
microenvironment is crucial to cancer progression, influencing tumour cell behaviour by modulating the expression and activation of
molecules such as integrins, the cell-extracellular matrix interacting proteins participating in different steps of the tumour metastatic process.
In this work, we investigated the role of a5b1 integrin and how the microenvironment influences this adhesion molecule, in a model of colon
cancer progression to the liver. The culture medium conditioned by the IHH hepatic cell line, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins,
modulate the activation of a5b1 integrin in the colon cancer cell line HCT-116, and drives FAK phosphorylation during the process of cell
adhesion to fibronectin, one of the main components of liver ECM. In these conditions, a5b1 modulates the expression/activity of another
integrin, a2b1, involved in the cell adhesion to collagen I. These results suggest that a5b1 integrin holds a leading role in HCT-116 colorectal
cancer cells adhesion to the ECM through the modulation of the intracellular focal adhesion kinase FAK and the a2b1 integrin activity. The
driving role of the tumour microenvironment on CRC dissemination, here detected, and described, strengthens and adds new value to the
concept that a5b1 integrin can be an appropriate and relevant therapeutic target for the control of CRC metastases
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