The Disappearing Gender Gap: The Impact of Divorce, Wages, and Preferences on Education Choices and Women's Work

Women born in 1935 went to college significantly less than their male counterparts and married women's labor force participation (LFP) averaged 40% between the ages of thirty and forty. The cohort born twenty years later behaved very differently. The education gender gap was eliminated and married women's LFP averaged 70% over the same ages. In order to evaluate the quantitative contributions of the many significant changes in the economic environment, family structure, and social norms that occurred over this period, this paper develops a dynamic life-cycle model calibrated to data relevant to the 1935 cohort. We find that the higher probability of divorce and the changes in wage structure faced by the 1955 cohort are each able to explain, in isolation, a large proportion (about 60%) of the observed changes in female LFP. After combining all economic and family structure changes, we find that a simple change in preferences towards work can account for the remaining change in LFP. To eliminate the education gender gap requires, on the other hand, for the psychic cost of obtaining higher education to change asymmetrically for women versus men.divorce, labor force participation, gender gap, education and skill premium

Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas In Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Single-Center Experience

CUTANEOUS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS: A SINGLE-CENTER EXPERIENCE Joyce Y Cheng, Fang-yong Li, Christine J Ko, Oscar R Colegio. Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR) have an approximately 100-fold increased risk of developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). These SCCs may behave more aggressively than SCCs developing in non-immunosuppressed individuals. The purpose of this study was to gather more data regarding aggressive behavior of SCCs in immunosuppressed SOTRs compared with SCCs occurring in an immunocompetent control group. An 8-year retrospective observational cohort study was conducted to compare the demographics, care received by, and outcomes of 98 adult SOTR and immunocompetent patients with at least one histopathologically confirmed SCC. The two groups were statistically comparable with regards to demographics, patient care, follow-up time, and numbers of skin lesions they developed, though the SOTR group had significantly higher annual visit frequency (4 office visits per patient per year vs. 3, p = 0.025) and annual biopsy rates (6 biopsies per patient per year vs. 5, p = 0.039). In this setting, the SCCs developed by SOTRs did not appear to be significantly more aggressive than those in the immunocompetent control group. Our SOTRs did not develop significantly thicker tumors than the immunocompetent controls. One SOTR developed an SCC with perineural invasion, two SOTRs had regional metastasis, and one SOTR had nodal metastasis. An increased risk of carcinogenesis with increasing cumulative years of immunosuppression was surprisingly not observed among the SOTRs. SOTRs had a 90% greater risk of developing SCCs in the head and neck region compared with the immunocompetent group (RR=1.89, 95% CI 1.04-1.37). Taken together, our findings suggest that the drastically increased risk of SCCs in SOTRs and potential for aggressive behavior may be successfully managed to a level comparable to that in high-risk immunocompetent individuals with close adherence to current dermatologic surveillance recommendations for SOTRs and a marginally lower threshold for biopsy of suspicious lesions

Investigating meaning in life, perceived social support, and suicide ideation among community-residing older adults

Older adults have high rates of suicide, necessitating enhanced models of suicide risk in later life. Previous cross-sectional findings suggest that suicide ideation is positively associated with psychological risk factors and negatively associated with resilience factors, including recognition of meaning in life (MIL) and perceptions of social support (PSS). We designed the current longitudinal study to replicate and extend these findings and to test a multidimensional model of suicide ideation (SI), which incorporates consideration of risk and resilience factors, among a sample of 173 community-residing older adults. Using Structural Equation Modeling, both MIL and PSS, which were measured at the baseline and 6-12 month interview, respectively, were significantly negatively associated with SI at a 12-24 month interview, controlling for baseline social hopelessness and intervening depressive symptom severity. The data fit the model well, which suggests that fostering MIL and PSS may reduce risk for late life suicide

Electrical conductivity in the early universe

We solve numerically the Boltzmann equation in the early universe in the presence of a constant electric field and find the electrical conductivity $\sigma$ in the range 1\MeV\lsim T\lsim M_W. The main contribution to $\sigma$ is shown to be due to leptonic interactions. For T\lsim 100\MeV we find $\sigma\simeq 0.76T$ while at $T\simeq M_W$ we obtain $\sigma\simeq 6.7T$Comment: 7 pages in LaTe

The life cycle of a debris particle

Debris particles exist in most lubrication systems; they are frequently responsible for the early failure of tribological machine elements. Particles come from the surrounding environment, or may be generated within the machine components. As the lubricant circulates, these particles get flushed into the machine elements. Contact pressures are lugh and oil films are small, so that the relatively large particles damage even the hardest gear, bearing, or cam surface. This damage can lead to contact fatigue or wear, and thus premature failure of the whole machine. Further, one failure can result in the generation of further wear debris, often in very great quantities, that then can have a knock-on effect in other parts of the lubricated system. This paper gives an overview of important features of the life cycle of a debris particle; entrainment of debris particles into a contact, resulting surface damage, shortened component life, and debris particle procreation by fatigue and wear. The debris life cycle coincides with the early mortality of the machine element. The methods by which component life, under particulate contaminated conditions, can be determined are reviewed

The geometric complexity of special Lagrangian T2T^2-cones

We prove a number of results relating various measures (volume, Legendrian index, stability index, and spectral curve genus) of the geometric complexity of special Lagrangian $T^2$-cones. We explain how these results fit into a program to understand the "most common" three-dimensional isolated singularities of special Lagrangian submanifolds in almost Calabi-Yau manifolds.Comment: Revised version accepted for publication in Inventiones Mathematicae. 46 pages, 2 tables. Reference added relating to Theorem B. Section 3.4.2, section 4.2 and Appendix B streamlined. Typographical errors corrected and references update

Combined electromagnetic and photoreaction modeling of CLD-1 photobleaching in polymer microring resonators

By combining a solid-state photoreaction model with the modal solutions of an optical waveguide, we simulate the refractive index change due to the photobleaching of CLD-1 chromophores in an amorphous polycarbonate microring resonator. The simulation agrees well with experimental results. The photobleaching quantum efficiency of the CLD-1 chromophores is determined to be 0.65%. The combined modeling of the electromagnetic wave propagation and photoreaction precisely illustrates the spatial and temporal evolution of the optical properties of the polymer material as manifested in the refractive index and their effects on the modal and physical properties of the optical devices

The Disappearing Gender Gap: The Impact of Divorce, Wages, and Preferences on Education Choices and Women's Work

Women born in 1935 went to college significantly less than their male counterparts and married women’s labor force participation (LFP) averaged 40% between the ages of thirty and forty. The cohort born twenty years later behaved very differently. The education gender gap was eliminated and married women’s LFP averaged 70% over the same ages. In order to evaluate the quantitative contributions of the many significant changes in the economic environment, family structure, and social norms that occurred over this period, this paper develops a dynamic life-cycle model calibrated to data relevant to the 1935 cohort. We find that the higher probability of divorce and the changes in wage structure faced by the 1955 cohort are each able to explain, in isolation, a large proportion (about 60%) of the observed changes in female LFP. After combining all economic and family structure changes, we find that a simple change in preferences towards work can account for the remaining change in LFP. To eliminate the education gender gap requires, on the other hand, for the psychic cost of obtaining higher education to change asymmetrically for women versus men.

Georges Braque et l’anthropologie de l’image onirique de Carl Einstein

Dans Georges Braque, Carl Einstein a transformé l’entreprise esthétique de la critique d’art en une anthropologie de l’image ou même une anthropologie philosophique de l’imagination. Ce texte incarne un stade avancé de la pensée primitiviste développée par les avant-gardes européennes au début du xxe siècle. Einstein abandonna le primitivisme « tectonique » axé sur la forme qu’il avait déployé dans ses premières études consacrées à la sculpture africaine, et se tourna vers un primitivisme « hallucinatoire » et psychique dont le thème constitutif restait la perte extatique du moi. Le primitivisme hallucinatoire d’Einstein constitue, en fin de compte, une théorie de la passivité psychique et une réponse à la sécularisation de l’art ainsi qu’à la crise du collectif qui marquèrent l’entre-deux-guerres. La posture d’Einstein doit dès lors être replacée dans le contexte de l’épistémologie de l’imaginaire élaborée à la même époque par d’autres intellectuels, en particulier Jacques Lacan et Ludwig Binswanger, qui s’efforcèrent eux aussi de restaurer la valeur épistémologique de l’image en l’identifiant au langage du rêve et du mythe.Carl Einstein’s Georges Braque is a text that transforms the aesthetic enterprise of art criticism into an anthropology of the image, if not a philosophical anthropology of the imagination. On the one hand, it constitutes an advanced stage of the primitivist thinking of the early twentieth-century European avant-garde. From a form-oriented “tectonic” primitivism in his early study of African sculpture, Einstein evolves into a psychic, “hallucinatory” primitivism while retaining the ecstatic loss of self as a constitutive theme. Einstein’s hallucinatory primitivism is ultimately a theory of psychic passivity that responds to the secularization of art as well as the crisis of the collective in the interwar period. It is therefore to be contextualized within the epistemology of the imaginaire of other interwar thinkers, notably Jacques Lacan and Ludwig Binswanger, who not unlike Einstein also tried to redeem the epistemological value of the image by identifying it as the language of dream and myth