Noviji nalazi i stepen pojave prstenaste nekroze krtola krompira (potato virus y, pvyntn) u Srbiji

Potato virus Y i.e. its necrotic strain (PVYNTN) is among the most economically harmful agents of potato diseases in Serbia and in many countries across the world. Damage caused by the virus involves reduced yields of infected plants, its spread i.e. a high percentage of infected plants at the country level and a high rate of annual infections (infestation of healthy plants) during the growing season. In most widely grown potato cultivars, the necrotic strain of potato virus Y causes symptoms only on aboveground parts, depending on cultivar and time of infection (primary and secondary). The necrotic strain of potato virus Y causes additional problems to some potato cultivars including symptoms of necrotic ringspot disease on tubers, resulting in their reduced quality or rendering them unmarketable. Experience shows that these are mostly cultivars that have a high dry matter content in tubers and that are processed into potato chips. This study presents results on the susceptibility of some potato cultivars to tuber necrotic ringspot disease as well as on the incidence of the disease under conditions characterised by a high potential for infection with the necrotic strain of potato virus Y.Y virus odnosno nekrotični soj (PVYNTN) ovog virusa je jedan od ekonomski najštetnijih prouzrokovača bolesti krompira u Srbiji i mnogim zemljama sveta. Štetnost virusa se ogleda u smanjenju prinosa zaraženih biljaka, njegovoj raširenosti odnosno visokom procentu zaraženih biljaka krompira na području države i velikoj brzini jednogodišnjeg širenja (zaražavanja zdravih biljaka) u toku vegetacije. Nekrotični soj Y virusa, na većini široko rasprostranjenih sorti u proizvodnji krompira, prouzrokuje simptome samo na nadzemnom delu biljke krompira u zavisnosti od sorte kromira i vremena zaraze (primarna i sekundarna). Nekrotični soj Y virusa krompira predstavlja dodatni problem za neke sorte krompira na čijim krtolama prouzrokuje simptome prstenaste nekroze što umanjuje njihov kvalitet ili ih čini tržišno neupotrebljivim. Dosadašnja iskustva govore da su to uglavnom sorte sa visokim sadržajem suve materije u krtolama i koje se koriste za preradu u oplemenjene proizvode. U ovo radu su prikazani rezultati osetljivosti nekih sorti krompira na prstenastu nekrozu krtola i stepen pojave bolesti u našim uslovima koje karakteriše visok infekcioni potencijal nekrotičnim sojem Y virusa

Pojava, štetnost i suzbijanje krompirovog moljca (Phthorimaea operculella)

Potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a damaging pest occurring in warm, tropical and subtropical regions. In the last several years, it has also been present in Serbia, causing serious damage to potatoes. Its harmfulness involves damage to potato tubers which renders them useless for marketing, leading to complete yield loss. This pest is also important in terms of the complexity of its control. In Serbia, until five years ago, this pest was known only through literature. The first official data on its presence in Serbia i.e. in the Leskovac region date back to 2011. The potato tuber moth was first recorded in 2008 (Leskovac), and its presence in other areas of Serbia was first reported in 2011. During 2015, extensive damage from this insect was recorded on the potato crop in Čačak, particularly in the lowlands, where potatoes are intensively grown for high yields, as well as in other parts of the country. This pest requires complex control practices. It is only through the use of both preventive and direct control measures by all potato growers on a large scale that success in pest control and damage reduction can be expected.Krompirov moljac, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), je štetočina toplih, tropskih i subtropskih regiona sveta. U poslednjih nekoliko godina je prisutan i u Srbiji gde pričinjava velike štete na krompiru. Štetnost moljca se ogleda u oštećenju krtola koje postaju tržišno neupotrebljive do potpunog propadanja celokupnog prinosa. Ova štetočina je značajna i po složenosti njenog suzbijanja. Kod nas se o ovoj štetočini do pre pet godina znalo samo iz literature. Prvi zvanični podaci o prisustvu štetočine kod nas, na području Leskovca, potiču iz 2011. godine. Prvi nalaz moljca potiče iz 2008. godine (Leskovac), a prema nekim podacima štetočina se javlja od 2011. godine i u drugim područjima u Srbiji. Tokom 2015. godine evidentirane su ogromne štete na krompiru od ovog insekta na teritoriji Čačka, posebno u ravničarskom delu gde se intenzivno gaji krompir i gde se postižu visoki prinosi, kao i u drugim delovima Srbije. Suzbijanje ove štetočine je veoma složeno. Samo primenom svih, preventivnih i direktnih mera od strane svih uzgajivača krompira, na većem području, se mogu očekivati rezultati u suzbijanju štetočine i smanjenju šteta

The effect of cropping system on grain yield of soybean

U savremenim konceptima razvoja konvencionalne poljoprivrede uloga i značaj plodoreda su nezamenljivi odnosno, prelazak sa monokulture i dvopoljnog na tropoljni plodored, uvođenjem useva soje, su neminovni sa aspekta povećanja produktivnosti. Soja je odličan predusev većini ratarskih biljaka, kako sa aspekta obezbeđivanja jednog dela azota azotofiksacijom, tako i sa aspekta poboljšanja strukture zemljišta i smanjenja zakorovljenosti. Ne treba zanemariti činjenicu održanja i povećanja sadržaja organske materije u zemljištu što je značajan indikator potencijalne plodnosti zemljišta. Ispitivan je prinos zrna soje na oglednom školskom dobru Poljoprivrednog fakulteta - Radmilovac tokom dvogodišnjeg perioda istraživanja. Praćen je uticaj tri sistema gajenja: monokulture i dva različita plodoreda (tropoljni i šestopoljni) na produktivnost useva soje. Gajenjem soje u plodoredima dobijaju se veći prinosi zrna u poređenju sa monokulturom, a naročito su, u tom smislu, povoljan uticaj imali plodoredi sa većim brojem polja. Bitna je činjenica da sa svakom novom rotacijom prinos useva soje se povećavao. Korišćenje svih pozitivnih osobina ove agrotehničke, biološke i organizaciono-ekonomske mere može doprineti manjem i efikasnijem korišćenju hraniva, a sa tim i energije, smanjiti potreba za primenom pesticida, čime se smanjuju prisutni problemi u vezi sa zaštitom okoline i degradacijom zemljišta.In modern concepts of the development of conventional agriculture, the role and significance of the crop rotation are irreplaceable, that is, the transition from continuous cropping and two- to three crop rotation, by introducing soybean crops, are inevitable from the aspect of increasing productivity. Soybean is an excellent previous crop to most growing plants, both from the aspect of providing a part of nitrogen with nitrogen fixation, as well as from the aspect of improving the soil structure and reducing weddiness. We should not ignore the fact of maintaining and increasing the content of organic matter in the soil, which is a significant indicator of the potential fertility of the soil. The yield of soybean was examined at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture - Radmilovac during the two-year investigation period. The influence of three cropping systems: continuous cropping system and two crop rotation (three- and six crop rotation) on the productivity of soybean were monitored. By cultivating soybeans in crop rotation, higher grain yields are compared to continuous cropping, and in particular, favorable effect in this respect has been the plodding with a large number of fields. It is important that with each new rotation the yield of soybeans increases. The use of all the positive features of this agro-technical, biological and organizational-economic measure can contribute to less and more efficient use of nutrients and energy, reduce the need for pesticide application, which reduces the existing problems related to environmental protection and soil degradation

Genetički resursi ječma (Hordeum sativum Jess.) u Crnoj Gori

Barley, along with wheat, is the oldest cultivated plant. As a polymorphic culture, barley has the largest distribution areal among all the grains. On Balkans, cultural forms of barley came at the same time as wheat, thus were grown even before the arrival of the Slavs. Local populations of spring two-row barley were grown in many mountain areas of Montenegro, while the multi-row barley was grown in southern regions as winter crop. However, in last thirty years, introduction of high technologies and high yielding selections led rapid disappearing of local populations of barley from the production. Local populations of spring two-row barleys are grown today on very small and remote rural areas, while the six-rowed forms completely disappeared from farmers' fields. The first organized research done on diversity of barley was carried out in 2009 and 2010, when 10 local populations were collected in number of municipalities. All collected varieties are spring varieties, nine belong to the two-row group, and one to the group of six row barleys. The results of the study of some domestic barley populations showed that with improved agrotechnology significantly higher yields can be achieved compared to those obtained growing barley in traditional crop production system. Growing impact of climate change will require breeding of improved, more productive and more resistant varieties for specific regions of production. Since these materials have broad adaptive capacity, it is expected considerable use of these materials in future breeding programs. Therefore, the study of domestic barley varieties should continue in the future, in order to put at disposal as many information on the genetic, phenotypic and usability traits to potential users.Ječam, zajedno sa pšenicom, pripada grupi najstarijih ratarskih biljaka. Kao veoma polimorfna kultura, ima najveći areal rasprostranjenja među svim žitima. Kulturni oblici ječma došli su na područje Balkana u isto vrijeme kada i pšenica, što znači da su se ovdje uzgajali i prije dolaska Slovena. Lokalne populacije jarih dvorednih ječmova gajene su u mnogim planinskim oblastima Crne Gore, dok je višeredni ječam, kao ozima kultura, gajen u južnim predjelima. Međutim, u posljednjih tridesetak godina, sa dolaskom intenzivnih tehnologija i visokoprinosnih selekcija, lokalne populacije su počele da ubrzano nestaju iz proizvodnje. Lokalne populacije jarih dvorednih ječmova danas se gaje na veoma skromnim površinama i u udaljenim ruralnim predjelima, dok su ozime višeredne forme u potpunosti isčezle sa farmerskih njiva. Prva organizovana istraživanja diverziteta ječma u Crnoj Gori izvedena su 2009. i 2010. godine, kada je na teritoriji većeg broja opština kolekcionisano 10 aksešena ječma. Prema ozimosti, svi sakupljeni aksešeni su jare forme, devet aksešena pripada grupi dvorednih, a jedan šestorednim ječmovima. Rezultati proučavanja nekih lokalnih populacija pokazali su da se sa poboljšanom tehnologijom gajenja mogu ostvariti značajno veći prinosi od onih koji se dobijaju gajenjem u tradicionalnoj ratarskoj proizvodnji. Sve izraženiji uticaj klimatskih promjena zahtijevaće stvaranje boljih, rodnijih i otpornijih sorti za odgovarajuće proizvodne rejone. Pošto ovaj materijal posjeduju široku moć prilagođavanja, to u budućim programima oplemenjivanja mogu biti izvor nekih pozitivnih svojstava. Zbog toga proučavanje lokalnih populacija ječma treba nastaviti i u budućnosti, kako bi se potencijalnim korisnicima stavilo na raspolaganje što više informacija o genetičkim, fenotipskim i upotrebnim osobinama

Genetički resursi pšenice (Triticum sp.) u Crnoj Gori

Wheat is the most important crop grown on 240 million hectares worldwide, and 23% of arable lands, respectively. It is the primary food source for about 70% of human population. Wheat originates from the old world, primarily from Asia and southern parts of Europe, from where it spread to other parts of the world. Wheat is one of the oldest cultivated plants. It is believed that its domestication began ten thousand years ago. Wheat was cultivated in Montenegro since the Romans. First cultivated species of wheat were Triticum monococcum and Triticum dicoccum. At the beginning of the new era, tetraploid naked wheat - Triticum durum and Triticum turgidum were introduced. Common wheat arrived much later in Balkans, and most likely it was brought by the Turks in mid 14th century. Triticum aestivum ssp. compactum and Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta were firstly introduced, and much later common wheat - Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare. Intensification of agricultural production in Montenegro resulted in rapid extinction of large number of cultivated species, cultivars, varieties and locally adapted wheat populations from the agricultural flora. Noting the danger of the extinction of majority of local populations of genus Triticum, academician Ljubo Pavićević started a program of their protection in 1955. For more than 10 years of intensive work, he managed to collect over 200 diploid and tetraploid indigenous species and forms of wheat, and devoted the rest of his professional carrier to their study. Since Montenegro does not have its own selection programs for wheat, further efforts will be necessary to document and put this huge wealth of local populations of different wheat types at disposal of all interested breeding and scientific institutions outside Montenegro as soon as possible.Pšenica je najvažnija ratarska kultura koja se u svijetu gaji na oko 240 miliona hektara, odnosno 23% obradivih površina. Predstavlja osnovnu hranu za oko 70% ljudske populacije. Vodi porijeklo iz starog svijeta, iz Azije i južnih djelova Evrope, odakle se proširila u druga područja. Pšenica je jedna od najstarijih kulturnih biljaka. Smatra se da je njena domestifikacija počela još prije deset hiljada godina. Pšenica se u Crnoj Gori gajila još u doba Rimljana. Prve gajene vrste pšenice bile su Triticum monococcum i Triticum dicoccum. Početkom nove ere na ove prostore dolaze i prve tetraploidne golozrne pšenice - Triticum durum i Triticum turgidum. Meka pšenica je na Balkan dospjela mnogo kasnije. Najvjerovatnije su je donijeli Turci sredinom 14. vijeka. Prvo su donešene Triticum aestivum ssp. compactum i Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta, a znatno kasnije i obična pšenica Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare. Intenzifikacijom poljoprivredne proizvodnje, najveći broj tradicionalnih sorti, varijeteta i lokalno adaptiranih populacija počeo se ubrzano gubiti iz kulturne flore Crne Gore. Uočavajući opasnost od nestajanja velikog broja domaćih populacija roda Triticum, akademik Ljubo Pavićević je 1955. godine započeo program njihove zaštite. Za više od 10 godina intenzivnog rada uspio je da sakupi preko 200 diploidnih i tetraploidnih autohtonih vrsta i populacija pšenice, a ostatak svog radnog vijeka posvetio je njihovom proučavanju. Pošto Crna Gora nema sopstvene programe selekcije pšenice biće neophodno učiniti dodatne napore kako bi se ovo ogromno bogatstvo domaćih populacija različitih vrsta pšenice što prije dokumentovalo i stavilo na raspolaganje svim zainteresovanim oplemenjivačkim i naučnim institucijama izvan Crne Gore

Istorijat gajenja krompira u Crnoj Gori

The beginning of potato growing is associated to Incas. This ancient civilization cultivated potatoes of all shapes, colours and flavours 10,000 years ago in the Andes. For communities that lived in the Andes at that time, these plants were the most important source of food. For the rest of the world, until the XVI century, potato was unknown culture. Spanish conqueror Pizarro brought potatoes from South America to Europe in 1562. As a botanical curiosity, first potatoes arrived to Spain, and were later on spread to other countries of Europe. For many years after introduction, potato was grown as an ornamental plant, until the Europeans accepted it as an edible plant. Growing of potatoes in Montenegro begins in late eighteenth century, similar as in other Balkan countries. Bishop Petar I Petrović Njegoš brought potatoes in Montenegro probably in early 1786. Due to favourable climatic and soil conditions, the areas planted with potatoes were quickly spread in Montenegro. Expansion of the areas planted with potatoes significantly improved the life of local population, and this culture, due to its enormous importance as a food, quickly got the epithet of “life-saving food”. Therefore, potatoes became, for a very short time, the leading agricultural crop and this status is maintained up to the present day.Početak gajenja krompira vezuje se za Inke. Ova drevna civilizacija je prije 10.000 godina, na Andima, gajila krompir svih oblika, boja i ukusa. Za zajednice koje su u to vrijeme živjele na Andima ova biljna vrsta je bila najznačajniji izvor hrane. Za ostatak svijeta, sve do XVI vijeka, krompir je bio nepoznata kultura. Iz Južne Amerike u Evropu krompir je donio španski osvajač Pizarro 1562. godine. Kao botanički kuriozitet krompir je prvo stigao u Španiju, a odatle se kasnije proširio i u ostale zemlje Evrope. Godinama nakon unošenja krompir je gajen kao ukrasna biljka, sve dok ga Evropljani nijesu prihvatili kao jestivu namirnicu. Gajenje krompira u Crnoj Gori počinje krajem XVIII vijeka, manje-više kao i u ostalim balkanskim državama. Krompir je u Crnu Goru donio vladika Petar I Petrović Njegoš, najvjerovatnije početkom 1786. godine. Zahvaljujući veoma povoljnim klimatskim i zemljišnim uslovima površine pod krompirom u Crnoj Gori su se brzo širile. Širenjem površina pod krompirom značajno je poboljšan život lokalnog stanovništva, pa je ova kultura, zbog svog ogromnog prehrambenog značaja, vrlo brzo dobila epitet spasonosne hrane. Zbog toga je krompir, za veoma kratko vrijeme, postao vodeća poljoprivredna kultura, a taj status je zadržao i do današnjih dana

Diversity assessment of the montenegrin maize landrace gene pool maintained in two gene banks

Due to the loss of agro-biodiversity, there is a strong effort to find apparent and efficient mechanisms for the conservation and sustainable use of genetic diversity. A joint monitoring of the diversity and collections structure of the Montenegrin maize landraces conserved in the Serbian (MRIZPGB) and Montenegrin (MGB) gene banks has been conducted in order to improve the composition of the collections and to identify and eliminate possible redundancy. Based on a separate analysis of white- and yellow-orange maize landraces, it can be concluded that the diversity and evolution of distinct maize landraces grown and collected in Montenegro have been simultaneously shaped by both environmental (i.e., natural selection) and socially driven factors (farmers’ selection, migration and colonization processes of the human population). Although it has been determined that the authenticity and variability of the Montenegrin maize landraces gene pool have largely been preserved in the MRIZPGB collection, a significant amount of redundancy was observed. The obtained results will contribute to the cost-efficient conservation of the maize gene pool in the Montenegrin and Serbian gene banks. The recognized and well-preserved original variability of the MRIZPGB and MGB Montenegrin gene pool represents a valuable source for pre-breeding activities on broadening the white and flint maize breeding programmes under temperate conditions

Highly potent antioxidant Olea europaea L. leaf extract affects carotid and renal haemodynamics in experimental hypertension

Haemodynamic alterations in carotid and renal arteries are associated with the severity of target organ damage in patients with hypertension. Dietary habits, such as the Mediterranean diet, regulate blood pressure and oxidative stress, thus reduce the mortality rate due to cardiovascular diseases. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the reducing activity, antioxidant capacity and metal chelating ability of standardized Olea europaea L. leaf extract (OLE), and to test its (5, 25, 50 mg/kg) acute in vivo effects, as well as oleuropein’s (OP, 10 mg/kg) on oxidative stress, carotid, renal and systemic haemodynamic parameters (blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, peripheral resistance) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). OLE has a higher antioxidative capacity than BHT, higher reducing ability than vitamin C, and 23 times lower capacity for metal ion chelation than EDTA. All three doses of OLE, and OP, improved oxidative stress in SHR. OLE5 improved carotid and renal haemodynamics, without significant effects on systemic haemodynamics. Two different mechanisms of antihypertensive responses to OLE were observed, OLE25 was most effective in reducing cardiovascular risks by improving systemic and regional (carotid and renal) haemodynamics, peripheral and regional vascular resistance. OLE50 causes the improvement of blood pressure and cardiac performances, but tends to retain elevated vascular resistance, therefore, reducing the inflow of blood into the brain and kidneys of the SHR. The OP did not alter systemic or regional haemodynamics, suggesting others constituents responsible for changes of cardiac function, as well as carotid and renal haemodynamics in response to OLE50

Effects of losartan, tempol, and their combination on renal nitric oxide synthases in the animal model of chronic kidney disease

Down-regulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and NO defi ciency in the kidneys have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this study we examined the effects of losartan, tempol, and combined treatment on three NOS isoforms expressions, kidney NO content and NOS correlation with renal function and structure in the early stage of adriamycin (ADR)-induced CKD in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Rats were divided into control group, and four other groups which were treated with ADR and received vehicle, losartan (L, angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker), tempol (T, redox-cycling nitroxide) or T + L treatment (by gavage) in a six-week study. Reduction of all NOS isoforms expressions were signifi cantly improved by losartan or tempol, and correlated with proteinuria amelioration. Combined treatment induced down-regulation of constitutive NOS isoforms, whilst inducible NOS was up-regulated and followed by increased nitrite content and a signifi cant decline in the glomerular fi ltration rate. Losartan or tempol prevented ADR-induced neoexpression of vimentin in the glomeruli and tubulointerstital areas, whereas de novo vimentin expression was still observed in the atrophic tubules and in the interstitial fi broblasts and myofi broblasts in combined treatment. It can be concluded that single treatments, contrary to combined, were effective in improving NO bioavailability and slowing down the progression of CKD

Perspectives of Innovative Companies in the Light of the Relationships Between Technology and Organizations

The purpose of this paper is that from the perspective of innovation economics explore the relationship between technology and organization. This sequence includes consideration of factors that have the form of long - term trends in technological development, innovation attitude towards economic progress and the role of the organization as a source of innovative activity. Focus is also given to the fact that the economic prospects of innovative metaphors drawn and are provided as a paradigm and, in particular, biological way of thinking about technology and organization