Stability of yield and yield components in maize inbred lines with different cytoplasmic types

Cilj istraţivanja bio je da se odredi stabilnost prinosa i komponenata prinosa dvanaest inbred linija kukuruza razliĉitog tipa citoplazme (cms-C, cms-S i fertilna). Pošlo se od pretpostavke da su prouĉavane inbred linije kukuruza razliĉite genetiĉke osnove i da razliĉito reaguju na faktore spoljašnje sredine što utiĉe na razliĉitu stabilnost prinosa i komponenti prinosa zrna. Ogled sa inbred linijama postavljen je na dve lokacije tokom 2008 i 2009 godine. Ĉetvorofaktorijalna analiza varijanse (genotip-citoplazma-godina-lokacija) uraĊena je za ispitivane osobine: visina biljke do klipa, visina biljke do vrha metlice, prinos, duţina klipa, broj redova zrna, broj zrna u redu, dubina zrna, masa 1000 semena, srednje okrugla frakcija, srednje krupno pljosnata frakcija i srednje krupno okrugla frakcija semena. Korelacione veze izmeĊu prouĉavanih osobina inbred linija analizirane su primenom jednaĉine višestruke korelacije i regresije. Izvršena je procena stabilnosti prinosa (Hühn, 1990) i uraĊena je klaster analiza za svaki izvor citoplazme (Rohlf, 2000). Na osnovu analize varijanse utvrĊeno je da postoje veoma znaĉajne razlike izmeĊu inbred linija za sve ispitivane osobine kao i interakcije inbred linija sa ispitivanim faktorima (tip citoplazme, godina i lokacija). Najveći prinos zrna ostvarila je inbred linija L1 (3,3 t ha-1), a najmanji L10 (1,5 t ha-1). Tip citoplazme veoma znaĉajno utiĉe na prouĉavane osobine inbred linija. Variranje prinosa zrna inbred linija u zavisnosti od tipa citoplazme (cms-C, cms-S i fertilna) bilo je veoma znaĉajno kod inbred linija L2, L5, L7, L10 i L12. Proseĉan prinos zrna inbred linija je veoma znaĉajno (P≤1%) varirao u zavisnosti od ispitivanih godina i lokacija. Veći prinos (2,9 t ha-1) ostvaren 2008. godine u odnosu na 2009. godinu (2,12 t ha-1). Na prvoj lokaciji ostvaren je veći prinos (2,72 t ha-1) u odnosu na drugu lokaciju (2,31 t ha-1)...The objective of the study was to determine stability of yield and yield components in twelve maize inbred lines with different types of cytoplasm (cms-C, cms-S and fertile). The starting point was the assumption that these maize inbred lines have different genetic basis and react differently to environmental factors, affecting stability of yield and grain yield components. A trial with maize inbred lines was set up at two localities during 2008 and 2009. A 4-factorial analysis of variance (genotype-cytoplasm-year-locality) was carried out for the following properties: ear height, plant height, yield, ear length, number of grain rows, number of grains per row, grain depth, 1000-grain mass, middle round grain fraction, middle large flat fraction and middle large round fraction. Correlation bounds between the studied properties of the inbred lines were analysed by applying the multiple correlation and regression equation. A stability assessment was done (Hühn, 1990), as well as a cluster analysis for each cytoplasmic source (Rohlf, 2000). The analysis of variance determined there were very significant differences among inbred lines for all the properties and inbred lines interactions with the studied factors (cytoplasmic type, year and locality). The inbred line L1 achieved the highest (3.3 t ha-1), and the inbred line L10 (1.5 t ha-1) the lowest grain yield. A cytoplasmic type significantly affects the studied properties of the inbred lines. Depending of the cytoplasmic type (cms-C, cms-S and fertile), fluctuation in grain yield of inbred lines was very significant in the inbred lines L2, L5, L7, L10 and L12. The average grain yield fluctuated very significantly (P≤1%) depending of the year and the localities. In 2008, the yield (2.9 t ha-1) was higher than in 2009 (2.12 t ha-1). The first locality had higher yield (2.72 t ha-1) than the second one (2.31 t ha-1)..

Randman različitih varijeteta sireva u tipu gorgonzole

The yield and the weight loss in the production of two Gorgonzola-type cheese varieties were examined in this paper. The two varieties, with commercial names "Blue sapphire" and 'Blue birch', were produced from pasteurized cow milk, using two types of Penicillium roqueforti (type esportazione and type dolce, respectively). The production was held in PIQ3 Agroengineering Belgrade. The cheese weight was measured 1 day after self pressing, than after salting and 14, 30 and 60 days of ripening. According to results, the yield of both 60 days old varieties was -10%, i.e. for the production of 1 kg of cheese was used -10 liters of milk. Considering the fact that the proteolytical changes in "Blue birch" variety were higher, the weight loss of 60 days old samples was -15%, comparing to -13% in "Blue sapphire" variety.U radu je prikazano ispitivanje randmana i kala u proizvodnji dva varijeteta sireva sa plavo-zelenim plesnima u tipu gorgonzole, proizvedenih u pogonu DP. PKB Agroinzenjering, Beograd. Ogledni sirevi, čiji su komercijalni nazivi "plavi safir" i "plava breza", proizvedeni su od pasterizovanog kravljeg mleka upotrebom dva tipa kulture plasni Penicillium roqueforti (tip esportazione i tip dolce, respektivno). Merenje mase sireva vršeno je 1 dan nakon samopresovanja, zatim soljenja i nakon 14, 30 i 60 dana zrenja. Prema rezultatima istraživanja, randman oba varijeteta nakon 60 dana zrenja bio je približno isti (-10%), odnosno za izradu 1 kg sira bilo je potrebno utrošiti -10 litara mleka. Međutim, s obzirom na intenzivnije promene na proteinima u uzorcima varijeteta "plava breza", kalo nakon 60 dana zrenja iznosio je -15%, dok je Rod uzoraka.plavi safir" iznosio -13%

Uticaj sadržaja suve materije i količine dodatog indikatora fenolftaleina na titracionu kiselost i pH mleka

In this work, the dynamic of titratable acidity growth with incrising of solids non fat content (SNF) in samples of reconstituted milk was researched. The SNF content was adjusted on 4 levels: 7,5% (samples A), 8% (samples B); 8,5% (samples C) and 9% (samples D). The influence of phenolphthalein addition in quantity of 3 drops, 5 drops and 1 ml on titratable acidity was also researched. Results of the research show linear increase of titratable acidity with increasing of SNF content. On the other hand, the titratable acidity was declining with the increase of indicator addition. For example: titratable acidity of A samples, which were examined with 1 ml additional indicator, has been 1,18°SH lower than acidity of the same samples in which 3 drops of indicator were added. The change of pH value has been insignificant compared to titrable acidity changes with the increase of indicator addition.U radu je ispitivana dinamika porasta titracione kiselosti sa povećanjem sadržaja suve materije bez masti (SMBM) u uzorcima od rekonstituisanog obranog mleka u prahu. Sadržaj SMBM je podešen na 7,5% (uzorci A), 8% (uzorci B), 8,5% (uzorci C) i 9% SMBM (uzorci D). Paralelno s tim je ispitivan uticaj količine dodatog indikatora fenolftaleina, koji je u količini od 3 kapi, 5 kapi i 1 ml dodavan prilikom određivanja titracione kiselosti modifikovanom metodom Soxlet-Henkela (metoda po Morresu). Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja može se uočiti linearan porast titracione kiselosti sa povećanjem sadržaja SMBM. S druge strane, kada se posmatra uticaj količine dodatog indikatora, može se ustanoviti značajno opadanje titracione kiselosti sa povećanjem količine indikatora. Ukoliko se prilikom titracione metode koristi 1 ml fenolftaleina kao indikatora, rezultati su pokazali znatno niže vrednosti titracione kiselosti u odnosu na količinu dodatog indikatora od 3 i 5 kapi fenolftaleina. Najveća razlika uočava se prilikom titracije uzoraka sa 7,5% SMBM, gde su vrednosti za titracionu kiselost bile čak za 1,18°SH (19,19%) niže kada je uzorcima dodavano 1 ml u odnosu na one kojima je dodavano 3 kapi fenolftaleina. Što se promene pH vrednosti tiče, rezultati istraživanja su pokazali neznatan pad pH (u proseku za 0,03 pH jedinice) sa povećanjem količine dodatog indikatora sa 3 na 5 kapi, dok je prilikom dodavanja 1 ml fenolftaleina pad pH vrednosti bio nešto viši (0,3 pH jedinice)

Fleet renewal: An approach to achieve sustainable road transport

With more stringent requirements for efficient utilization of energy resources within the transport industry a need for implementation of sustainable development principles has appeared. Such action will be one of competitive advantages in the future. This is especially confirmed within the road transport sector. A methodology implemented in public procurement procedures for fleet renewal regarding the calculation of road vehicles’ operational lifecycle costs has been analyzed in detail in this paper. Afore mentioned calculation comprises the costs for: vehicle ownership, energy, carbon dioxide and pollutants emissions. Implementation of this methodology allows making the choice of energy efficient vehicles and vehicles with notable positive environmental effects. The objective of the research is to assess the influence of specific parameters of vehicle operational lifecycle costs, especially energy costs and estimated vehicle energy consumption, on vehicle choice in the procurement procedure. The case of urban bus fleet in Serbia was analyzed. Their operational lifecycle costs were calculated and differently powered vehicles were assessed. Energy consumption input values were defined. It was proved that defined fleet renewal scenarios could influence unquestionable decrease in energy consumption

Uticaj sadržaja SMBM i proteinskog preparata 'ALACO 6206' na indukovani sinerezis kiselog kazeinskog gela

In this work, the influence of solids non fat content (SNF) and milk protein based ingredient ALACO 6202 on induced syneresis of acid casein gel was investigated. Reconstituted skim milk powder was used as substratum. The SNF content was adjusted on 3 levels: 9.0% (samples A), 9.5% (samples B) and 10% (samples C). The influence of different SNF content on induced syneresis of acid casein gel was the first part of the research. In the second part of investigation, the SNF content was standardized as follows: the concentration of milk protein based ingredient ALACO 6202 was adjusted on 1.0% (samples A-1), 1.5% (samples B-1) and 2.0% (samples C-1), including 8% of skim milk powder concentration in each sample. The centrifugation of samples was performed at 1000, 2000 and 3000 revolutions/min in 10 minutes. The percent of separated serum (%w/w) at 1000 revolutions/min was 6.03%, 10.07% and 1.59% for samples A, B and C retrospectively, and there was no separated serum in semples A-1, B-1 and C-1. The amount of serum separated at 2000 revolutions/min in samples A, B, C, A-1, B-1 and C-1 was 37.59%, 31.65% 24.67%, 18.59%, 12.28% i 10.52% retrospectively, and at 3000 revolutions/min was 59.17%, 54.62%, 35.41%, 33.95%. 27.66 and 14.61% retrospectively. It was concluded that the increase of centrifugal force causes the increase of syneresis of acid casein gel, while the increase of SNF content reduces the syneresis at all centrifugal forces applied. However, the addition of milk protein based ingredient ALACO 6202 reduces the syneresis, so this protein ingredient could be used for improving rheological characteristics of fermented products.U radu je ispitivan uticaj sadržaja suve materije bez masti (SMBM), kao i proteinskog preparata ALACO 6202 na indukovani sinerezis kiselog kazeinskog gela, a kao supstrat za oglede korišćeno je rekonstituisano obrano mleko u prahu, pri čemu je vršena standardizacija na 9.0% (uzorci A), 9.5% (uzorci B) i 10.0% SMBM (uzorci C). Prvi deo istraživanja baziran je na ispitivanju uticaja različitog sadržaja SMBM na indukovani sinerezis kiselog kazeinskog gela, a u drugom delu istraživanja vršena je standardizacija sadržaja SMBM uz dodatak proteinskog preparata ALACO 6202 u koncentracijama od 1.0% (uzorci A-1), 1.5% (uzorci B-1) i 2.0% (uzorci C-1), dok je sadržaj obranog mleka u prahu standardizovan na 8%. Uzorci su centrifugirani pri brzinama od 1000 2000 i 3000 o/min u trajanju od 10 min, pri čemu je procenat izdvojenog seruma (W/W) pri 1000 o/min iznosio: 6.03%, 10.07%, 1.59% za uzorke A, B i C retrospektivno, dok se kod uzoraka koji su sadržali proteinski preparat serum nije izdvojio. Pri brzini od 2000 o/min količina izdvojenog seruma kod uzoraka A, B, C, A-1, B-1 i C-1 retrospektivno je iznosila: 37.59%, 31.65% 24.67%, 18.59%, 12.28% i 10.52%, dok je pri brzini od 3000 o/min iznosila 59.17%, 54.62%, 35.41%, 33.95%, 27.66% i 14.61%. Na osnovu rezultata može se zaključiti da sa povećanjem centrifugalne sile raste i sinerezis kiselog kazeinskog gela, dok se povećanjem sadržaja SMBM sinerezis smanjuje pri svim primenjenim centrifugalnim silama. Međutim, dodatkom proteinskog preparata ALACO 6202 izdvajanje seruma je znatno manje, pa se stoga pomenuti preparat može koristiti kao sredstvo za poboljšanje reoloških karakteristika kiselo-mlečnih proizvoda

Distribucija sastojaka mleka pri proizvodnji sireva sa plavo-zelenim plesnima u tipu gorgonzole

Blue-veined cheeses in type of Gorgonzola with commercial names "Blue sapphire" and "Blue birch" were made from pasteurized cow milk using two types of Penicillium roqueforti, type esportazione and type dolce respectively. In this paper, the distribution of milk components into cheese and cheese whey was examined. The samples of whey were taken in 3 phases after the cutting of coagulum, after 50% of whey drainage and at the end of drainage, where the samples have labeled as whey 1, 2 and 3. The distribution of total solids, milk fat, proteins and mineral matters from milk to cheese after production and cheese whey was examined. According to results, about 46% of total solids, 82% of milk fat, 65% of proteins and 37% of mineral matters have transferred from milk to "Blue sapphire" cheese, while the distribution of the same constituents into "Blue birch" cheese was ca. 49% 87%, 67% and 35%, respectively.Sirevi sa plavo-zelenim plesnima u tipu Gorgonzole pod nazivom "Plavi safir" i "Plava breza" proizvedeni su od pasteizovanog kravljeg mleka, koristeći dva tipa kulture plasni Penicillium roqueforti, i to tip esportazione i tip dolce, respektivno. U radu je ispitivan stepen distribucije sastojaka mleka u sir i surutku koja se prilikom izrade sira uzorkovala u tri faze: odmah nakon sečenja gruša, zatim nakon odlivanja 50% surutke i na samom kraju odlivanja surutke, pri čemu su uzorci surutke obeležavani kao surutka 1, 2 i 3. Praćen je stepen distribucije sadržaja suve materije, mlečne masti, proteina i mineralnih materija u sir nakon proizvodnje i u surutku. Prema rezultatima istraživanja, oko 46% suve materije, 82% mlečne masti, 65% proteina i 37% mineralnih materija je prešlo u sir "Plavi safir", dok je stepen distribucije istih sastojaka u sir "Plava breza" iznosio oko 49%, 87%, 67% i 35% respektivno

Stabilnost morfoloških osobina semena kukuruza u različitim proizvodnim uslovima

The analyses were performed with the hybrid seeds of four hybrid combinations derived at the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje and produced in three locations. Under laboratory conditions, the following seed traits were analysed in the working sample of 10x100 seeds: seed test weight and shelling percentage, which was determined as the seed weight to ear weight ratio. In the three-year study, the greatest (352.71 g), i.e. smallest (280.09 g) test weight was recorded in the hybrids ZP 434 and ZP 704, respectively. The highest shelling percentage of 60.53 % was determined in the hybrid ZP 704, while the lowest one (48.20 %) was recorded the hybrid ZP 434. Obtained results point out that both traits in all four hybrids are highly expressed under all observed agro-ecological conditions and that effects of factors on the seed weight and the shelling percentage are great.U ovim istraživanja posmatrane su masa 1000 semena i randman semena, u odnosu na genotipsku kombinaciju i agroekološke uslove proizvodnje semena. Analize su rađene na hibridnom semenu četiri komercijalne hibridne kombinacije Instituta za kukuruz 'Zemun Polje', proizvedene na tri lokaliteta. U laboratorijskim uslovima, na radnom uzorku od 10x100 semena, izvršena su ispitivanja apsolutne mase semena, randman semena utvrđen je kao procentualni odnos mase semena i klipa. U trogodišnjem istraživanju najveća izmerena masa 1000 semena je kod hibrida ZP 434 (352,71 g) dok je ZP 704 hibrid sa najmanjom postignutom masom(280,09 g). Randman semena najveći je kod ZP 704 (60,53%), najmanji 48,20% kod ZP 434. Lokalitet sa najvećim variranjem mase bio je Turija (41,58%), a druga osobina najviše varijabilnosti u toku istraživanja bila je na lokalitetu Vrbas (28,13%). Eksperimentalni podaci obrađeni su na srednju vrednost i ukupnu varijabilnost (x i C.V.) za obe osobine semena i svaku varijantu istraživanja. Dvofaktorijalnom analizom varijanse utvrđen je uticaj faktora (hibrid i lokacija), kao i njihova interakcija na ispitivane osobine semena. Dobijeni rezultati pokazali su da sva četiri hibrida imaju visok nivo ispoljavanja obe osobine u svim posmatranim agroekološkim uslovima, kao i visok uticaj faktora (hibrid i lokacija) na masu semena i randman semena

Zlatarski sir - autohtona tehnologija i senzorne karakteristike

Zlatar cheese is one of the most famous autochthonous dairy products in Serbia. It is produced in the area of mountain Zlatar by autochthonous technology. One of the main characteristics of autochthonous Zlatar cheese is that it is produced from full fat cow milk. According to MFFB content all samples of Zlatar cheese belong to soft cheeses group, and by FTS content they belong to a group of full fat cheeses. Sensory analysis of cheeses involved evaluation of appearance, color, cross section, flavor, aroma and consistency. By this analysis cheeses were ranked in five categories: excellent, very good, good, positive and negative. Total number of examined samples was 149.Zlatarski sir je jedan od najpoznatijih autohtonih mlečnih proizvoda u Srbiji. Proizvodi se od punomasnog kravljeg mleka po autohtonoj tehnologiji u podnožju Zlatara, u okolini Nove Varoši. Po sadržaju VBMS sirevi pripadaju grupi mekih sireva, a po sadržaju MuSM svi ispitani uzorci zlatarskog sira svrstani su u grupu punomasnih sireva. Senzornom analizom kojom je ocenjen opšti izgled, boja, presek, ukus, miris i konzistencija, uzorci sira svrstani su u pet kategorija: odličan, vrlo dobar, dobar, zadovoljava i ne zadovoljava. Ukupno je ocenjeno 149 uzoraka zlatarskog sira

Utjecaj gustoće sjetve na prinos zrna i komponente prinosa jaroga stočnog graška

The spring field pea is one of the most important coarse legumes. This study was carried out to investigate the response of a spring field pea variety to three plant densities (50, 100, and 150 plant m-2) during the 2017 and 2019 growing seasons in eastern Croatia. The field study was set up as a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in four replications. The results have demonstrated a significant effect of the plant densities and the growing seasons on the seed yield and on the following yield components: plant height and the number of pods/plant. The effect of plant densities on the number of seeds/pod and the thousand-seed weight was not significant. As for a growing season, the highest seed yield, plant height, the number of pods/plant were obtained in the second growing season. Furthermore, a maximum seed yield was recorded at the 150-plant m-2 plant density. This study has demonstrated that planting the spring field pea at different plant densities significantly modifies the spring field pea yield, plant height and number of pods/plant.Jari stočni grašak jedna je od najznačajnijih krupnozrnih mahunarki. Ovo je istraživanje provedeno kako bismo vidjeli reakciju utjecaja različitih gustoća sjetve na jari stočni grašak tijekom dvaju vegetacijskih ciklusa 2017. i 2019. godine u istočnome dijelu Republike Hrvatske. Pokus je postavljen po RCBD sustavu u četiri ponavljanja. Rezultati pokazuju značajan utjecaj gustoće sjetve i godina istraživanja na prinos zrna i većinu komponenata prinosa: visinu biljke i broja mahuna po biljci, osim broja zrna po mahuni i mase tisuću zrna, gdje gustoća sjetve nije statistički značajno utjecala na razlike u vrijednostima istraživanih svojstava. Najveće vrijednosti prinosa zrna, visine biljke i broja mahuna po biljci ostvarene su u drugoj godini istraživanja. Najveći prinos zrna zabilježen je pri gustoći sjetve od 150 biljaka/m2. Istraživanje pokazuje da različite gustoće sjetve značajno modificiraju/utječu na visinu prinosa zrna i komponente prinosa jaroga stočnog graška