Cosmopolitan Sentiment: Motivating Global Justice

This thesis examines the motivational deficit facing duties falling on individuals in affluent countries to act to address global poverty, and develops a novel dialogic sentimental cosmopolitan answer. The argument begins by drawing a distinction between charitable and political accounts of duties to address global poverty. Chapter one defends a focus on a political account of these duties as necessary to achieve long-term solutions to global poverty, and argues that there are independent normative reasons to favour a political approach. Chapter two examines, and rejects, the nudge solution (Thaler and Sunstein, 2009) to the motivational deficit facing duties to address global poverty. This strategy, deriving from behavioural economics, argues that, rather than seeking to alter attitudes, motivational failures can be addressed through prompting unreflective changes in behaviour. I argue that in order to motivate sustained political action to address global poverty a broader change in attitudes is required. Chapter three moves on to examine the sentimental cosmopolitan suggestion that we can motivate action to address global poverty through a process of ‘sentimental education’, in which sympathetic portrayals of distant others in the media and narrative art serve to cultivate greater affective attachments to these others (Nussbaum, 2001; Rorty, 1998). I argue that, although promising, motivating long-term compliance with political duties to address global poverty requires moving beyond the models of sentimental education currently on offer. In order to begin to develop an alternative account of sentimental education suitable for motivating compliance with political duties to address global poverty, chapter four examines the focus on empathy within the sentimental cosmopolitan approach, arguing that the sentimental cosmopolitan project ought to be broadened to include the cultivation of a number cosmopolitan emotions – especially anger and shame. Chapter five offers an in depth analysis of the mechanisms through which strategies of sentimental education are thought to function to increase affective concern for individuals facing poverty globally. Here, I reject strategies that emphasise the suffering and vulnerability of individuals facing global poverty as a means to increase affective concern. I argue that these strategies serve to portray individuals facing poverty globally in a manner that obscures their capacity for agency, leading to a number of adverse motivational effects. Attention to our shared vulnerability to suffering as a means to overcome these adverse motivational effects is examined, but ultimately rejected. The final section of this chapter argues that rather than seeking to present distant others in a certain way, strategies of sentimental education ought to proceed by facilitating interactions, and, where this is not feasible, allowing individuals to take the lead in determining how they are presented. In doing so, distant others take an active role in cosmopolitan sentimental education, and are encountered as agents. Chapter six examines a pressing barrier thought to face the extension of affective concern to distant others, injustice within one’s own political community (Straehle, 2016). This chapter examines the potential conflict between motivating support for justice within national borders, and support for basic global justice. I argue that at the level of motivation the two projects are interrelated in a number of complex ways, making them potentially complementary, rather than competing projects. Drawing on the arguments advanced in the rest of the thesis, chapter seven develops a positive account of sentimental education suitable for motivating political action to address global poverty. Moving beyond the unidirectional models of sentimental education advocated by previous sentimental cosmopolitan accounts, this chapter developed a novel dialogic model of sentimental education, realised through processes of sensitive mediation, that aims to establish two-way ties between individuals in more affluent countries and particular individuals and groups facing poverty globally. As dialogue between individuals in more affluent countries and groups and individuals facing poverty globally faces a number of practical obstacles, dialogue operates here as a guiding ideal rather than a requirement. Finally, through the use of detailed examples this chapter demonstrates that the solution to the motivational deficit facing political duties to address global poverty advanced in this thesis is not only practically feasible, it is a reality in action

The Normative Demand for Deference in Political Solidarity

Allies of those experiencing injustice or oppression face a dilemma: to be neutral in the face of calls to solidarity risks siding with oppressors, yet to speak or act on behalf of others risks compounding the injustice. We identify what we call ‘a normative demand for deference’ (NDD) to those with lived experience as a response to this dilemma. Yet, while the NDD is prevalent, albeit sometimes implicitly so, in contemporary solidarity theory and activist practice, it remains under-theorised. In this article, we analyse the potential benefits of adhering to the NDD, highlighting both a commonly accepted epistemic benefit, and a neglected but important good in bearing witness. Yet adhering to the NDD also raises real challenges. While the literature focuses on a gold standard model of direct engagement, we defend a valuable role for a second-order form of engagement through reading, films, and similar media, which, we argue, is particularly salient for global and transnational solidarity, an important element of contemporary global politics

The Normative Demand for Deference in Political Solidarity

Allies of those experiencing injustice or oppression face a dilemma: to be neutral in the face of calls to solidarity risks siding with oppressors, yet to speak or act on behalf of others risks compounding the injustice. We argue that adhering to a normative demand for deference (NDD) to those with lived experience offers would-be allies a way of navigating this dilemma. While theorists of solidarity have generally focused on epistemic benefits of the NDD, we identify a second important and neglected good in bearing witness. However, how the NDD can be adhered to in practice also raises challenges. While the literature focuses on a gold standard model of direct engagement, we defend a valuable role for a second-order form of engagement through reading, films, and similar media. This second-order form of engagement may be particularly salient for global and transnational solidarity, an important element of contemporary global politics

Introduction

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DETI Inspire Engagement Report 2020-2021

From September 2020 to December 2021, DETI Inspire has delivered an impressive array of outputs and engagement activities. In two years, the team have directly engaged 6,832 children and 216 teachers from 73 schools and community groups in the West of England, with an estimated 97,550 children reached altogether through dissemination efforts. Along the way, children have been able to have conversations with real-life engineers through (online) Q&A sessions, card games and skill shares. 455 engineers have so far shared their experiences, as well as at least 17 industry partners and three charities.42% of total direct engagements (N=3,415) came directly through in-person BoxED sessions, all four developed and launched by DETI Inspire in 2021: The West in Minecraft (N=2,047, 60%), Engineering Curiosity (N=357, 10%), WeCount (N=319, 9%), and We Make Our Future (N=692, 20%). 42% (10) of all the schools engaged in BoxED sessions (total = 24) came from areas within the most deprived 20% of the country, and 17% (4) came from the most deprived 30%.The last 20 months has seen the programme: pair female junior engineers with senior female mentors (page 13); establish a network of 102 engineers from diverse backgrounds (page 13); distribute 132 Engineering Curiosity card packs to schools and community groups and launch 40 Tik-Tok videos to accompany them (p 16); host a Sustainable Solutions Summit to 16-18-year-olds (page 26); champion sustainable engineering at COP26 (page 28); beam in engineers to 3,500 children during the height of the pandemic (p39); and reach over 250,000 people through social media (p 35). For a full list of highlights, and for details of DETI Inspire’s engagements, see Table 1.Despite another year of uncertainty, with rules around in-person events frequently changing, the DETI Inspire programme has excelled under the circumstances. Adapting to the changing rules and guidance, the team managed to engage in-person when they could – enriching children and young people’s cultural experiences, limited by the pandemic – and offer well attended online events when they could not. For instance, from two online events alone, DETI Inspire reached 9,000 children and young people.DETI Inspire will continue to deliver BoxED activities to schools across the West of England Combined Authority (WECA), with a full calendar of bookings right up until June. The programme will also support this year’s Leaders Award (p 42), Great Science Share (p51), and take part in the long-awaited return of Bristol’s Storytale Festival (p 511), among other activities. DETI Inspire is excelling in promoting engineering for sustainability among children, young people and adults from diverse backgrounds, not only in WECA, but also nationally and across Europe

Cosmopolitan Sentiment: Politics, Charity, and Global Poverty

Duties to address global poverty face a motivation gap. We have good reasons for acting yet we do not, at least consistently. A ‘sentimental education’, featuring literature and journalism detailing the lives of distant others has been suggested as a promising means by which to close this gap (Nussbaum in Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions, CUP, Cambridge, 2001; Rorty in Truth and Progress: Philosophical Papers, vol. 3, CUP, Cambridge, 1998). Although sympathetic to this project, I argue that it is too heavily wed to a charitable model of our duties to address global poverty—understood as requiring we sacrifice a certain portion of our income. However, political action, aimed at altering institutions at both a global and a local level is likely to be necessary in order to provide effective long-term solutions to poverty globally. To rectify this, the article develops an alternative dialogical account of sentimental education, suitable for motivating support for political action to address global poverty

Concert recording 2017-10-12

[Track 1]. Concertino for trombone, op. 4. I. Allegro maestoso / Ferdinand David -- [Track 2]. Sonata for trombone and piano. II. Andante molto sostenuto I. Allegro / Kazimierz Serocki -- [Track 3]. Selections from Pictures at an exhibition. Bydlo Promenade / Modest Mussorgsky arranged by Kenneth Gehrs -- [Track 4]. A winter\u27s night / Kevin McKee -- [Track 5]. Sonata for bass trombone. II. Andantino I. Allegro non troppo / Patrick McCarty -- [Track 6]. Achieved is the glorious work from Creation / Franz Joseph Haydn -- [Track 7]. Etude no. 15 / Marco Bordogni -- [Track 8]. Suite for four trombones. I. Intrada VI. Arietta III. Interludium / Serocki

Duration of Rheumatoid Arthritis and the Risk of Developing Interstitial Lung Disease

Age of ILD onset is similar in patients with RA-UIP and RA-NSIP but duration of RA before ILD onset differs

Flux and size fractionation of He-3 in interplanetary dust from Antarctic ice core samples

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters 286 (2009): 565-569, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.024.Accretion of extraterrestrial material to earth is of interest for a variety of reasons, including as a possible driver of long or short-term climate change, and as a record of solar system events preserved in the geological record. 3He is highly enriched in extraterrestrial material, and provides a useful tracer of its input into sedimentary archives. Previous work showed that polar ice could be a suitable archive for studying variations in extraterrestrial input. Additional measurements reported here confirm that the late Quaternary 3He flux derived from Antarctic ice samples is similar to 3He fluxes determined from marine sediments. The mean flux from nine replicate ~ 1 kg ice samples from the Vostok ice core site (112-115 m depth, age of ~ 3800 years) is 1.25 ± 0.37 x 10-12 cm3 STP cm-2 ka-1 (mean ± 2se). The large range for the 9 replicates is probably due to the small number of interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) present, and illustrates that large ice samples are required for precise constraints on temporal variations in the 3He flux. Size fraction experiments show that the majority of the 3He flux is delivered by particles in the 5-10 micron size range, consistent with the hypothesis that helium in IDPs is primarily solar helium implanted in particle surfaces.We thank the National Science Foundation (OPP-9909384 and OPP 99069663) and NASA (NAG5-9345) for financial support