Third-Country Effects on the Formation of Free Trade Agreements

The recent proliferation of free trade agreements (FTAs) has resulted in an increasingly complex network of preferential trading relationships. The economics literature has generally examined the formation of FTAs as a function of the participating countries' economic characteristics alone. In this paper, we show both theoretically and empirically that the decision to enter into an FTA is also crucially dependent on the participating countries' existing FTA relationships with third countries. Accounting for the interdependence of FTAs helps to explain a significant fraction of FTA formations that would not otherwise be predicted by countries' economic characteristics.free trade agreements, third-country effect, loss sharing, concession erosion

Third-Country Effects on the Formation of Free Trade Agreements

The recent proliferation of free trade agreements (FTAs) has resulted in an in- creasingly complex network of preferential trading relationships. The economics literature has generally examined the formation of FTAs as a function of the par- ticipating countries' economic characteristics alone. In this paper, we show both theoretically and empirically that the decision to enter into an FTA is also crucially dependent on the participating countries' existing FTA relationships with third countries. Accounting for the interdependence of FTAs helps to explain a significant fraction of FTA formations that would not otherwise be predicted by countries' economic characteristics.free trade agreements, third-country e§ect, loss sharing, concession erosion

An Endogenous Group Formation Theory of Co-operative Networks: The Economics of La Lega and Mondrag.n

co-operatives, networks, game theory, Mondrag.n, La Lega, Legacoop, labour managed firm

Third-Country Effects on the Formation of Free Trade Agreements

The recent proliferation of free trade agreements (FTAs) has resulted in an increasingly complex network of preferential trading relationships. The economics literature has generally examined the formation of FTAs as a function of the participating countries' economic characteristics alone. In this paper, we show both theoretically and empirically that the decision to enter into an FTA is also crucially dependent on the participating countries' existing FTA relationships with third countries. Accounting for the interdependence of FTAs helps to explain a significant fraction of FTA formations that would not otherwise be predicted by countries' economic characteristics

Third-Country Effects on the Formation of Free Trade Agreements

The recent proliferation of free trade agreements (FTAs) has resulted in an increasingly complex network of preferential trading relationships. The economics literature has generally examined the formation of FTAs as a function of the participating countries' economic characteristics alone. In this paper, we show both theoretically and empirically that the decision to enter into an FTA is also crucially dependent on the participating countries' existing FTA relationships with third countries. Accounting for the interdependence of FTAs helps to explain a significant fraction of FTA formations that would not otherwise be predicted by countries' economic characteristics

IN LABORATORY GENERATION AND MATURATION OF HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED DENDRITIC CELLS FOR CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in the regulation of adaptive immune responses, furthermore they act as a bridge between the innate and the adaptive immune systems they have been ideal candidates for cell-based immunotherapy of cancers and infections in humans. The first reported trial using DCs in 1995, since they have been used in trials all over the world for several of indications, including cancer and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Generally, for in vitro experiments or for DCs vaccination monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) were generated from purified monocytes that isolated from peripheral blood by density gradient centrifugation. A variety of methods can be used for enrichment of monocytes for generation of clinical-grade DCs. Herein we summarized up to date understanding of systems and inputs used in procedures to differentiate DCs from blood monocytes in vitro

Network Formation under Multiple Sources of Externalities *

Abstract The architecture of social and economic networks is often explained in terms of the externalities shaping the link-forming incentives of players. We make two contributions to this literature. First, we bring into its ambit the linear-quadratic utility model. Since players' utilities are now a function of their network centralities, this permits endogenizing their locational incentives in a network. Second, we show that the mode of transmission of externalities can be crucial in dictating the topology of equilibrium networks. We consider two alternative modes for channeling externalities. Both have the same primary source (direct links) but a different secondary source (global effects versus indirect links). We characterize equilibrium networks for different positive-negative combinations of primary-secondary externalities for both modes. We show that the mode of transmission influences the equilibrium architecture when externalities from the primary source are positive; when these externalities are negative, the equilibrium network is empty. JEL classification: C72, D8