From Facts to Form: Extension and Application of the Feist Practical Inevitability Test and Creativity Standard

This Note will analyze the results of extending the practical inevitability test and creativity standard in the holding of Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co. from works involving the compilation of facts to other works including computer programs, sculpture, signs, fabric patterns and chinaware patterns. It will also discuss the Copyright Office\u27s review of copyright applications for functional objects. The Note will continue with an analysis of the ramifications of the policy of judicial deference to the Register of Copyright\u27s decision on creativity when reviewing a copyright denial. It will conclude with a discussion of the judicial policy that an action for infringement is the most appropriate place to determine the creativity element necessary for obtaining a copyright for functional objects

From Facts to Form: Extension and Application of the Feist Practical Inevitability Test and Creativity Standard

This Note will analyze the results of extending the practical inevitability test and creativity standard in the holding of Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co. from works involving the compilation of facts to other works including computer programs, sculpture, signs, fabric patterns and chinaware patterns. It will also discuss the Copyright Office\u27s review of copyright applications for functional objects. The Note will continue with an analysis of the ramifications of the policy of judicial deference to the Register of Copyright\u27s decision on creativity when reviewing a copyright denial. It will conclude with a discussion of the judicial policy that an action for infringement is the most appropriate place to determine the creativity element necessary for obtaining a copyright for functional objects

Quantifying the legacy of snowmelt timing on soil greenhouse gas emissions in a seasonally dry montane forest.

The release of water during snowmelt orchestrates a variety of important belowground biogeochemical processes in seasonally snow-covered ecosystems, including the production and consumption of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by soil microorganisms. Snowmelt timing is advancing rapidly in these ecosystems, but there is still a need to isolate the effects of earlier snowmelt on soil GHG fluxes. For an improved mechanistic understanding of the biogeochemical effects of snowmelt timing during the snow-free period, we manipulated a high-elevation forest that typically receives over two meters of snowfall but little summer precipitation to influence legacy effects of snowmelt timing. We altered snowmelt rates for two years using black sand to accelerate snowmelt and white fabric to postpone snowmelt, thus creating a two- to three-week disparity in snowmelt timing. Soil microclimate and fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), and nitrous oxide (N2 O) were monitored weekly to monthly during the snow-free period. Microbial abundances were estimated by potential assays near the end of each snow-free period. Although earlier snowmelt caused soil drying, we found no statistically significant effects (p < 0.05) of altered snowmelt timing on fluxes of CO2 or N2 O, or soil microbial abundances. Soil CH4 fluxes, however, did respond to snowmelt timing, with 18% lower rates of CH4 uptake in the earlier snowmelt treatment, but only after a dry winter. Cumulative CO2 emission and CH4 uptake were 43% and 88% greater, respectively, after the dry winter. We conclude that soil GHG fluxes can be surprisingly resistant to hydrological changes associated with earlier snowmelt, likely because of persistent moisture and microbial activities in deeper mineral soils. As a result, a drier California in the future may cause seasonally snow-covered soils in the Sierra Nevada to emit more GHGs, not less

Endovascular management of acute and subacute venous thoracic outlet syndrome

Approximately 3% of all patients presenting with Thoracic Outlet Syndrome have a venous etiology (vTOS), which is considered “effort thrombosis”. These patients will present with symptomatic deep venous thrombosis or focal subclavian vein (SCV) stenosis. Endovascular management of vTOS occurs in several phases: diagnostic, preoperative therapeutic intervention before decompression, postoperative interventions after decompression, and delayed interventions in the follow-up after decompression. In the diagnostic phase, dynamic SCV venography can establish functional vTOS. Approximately 4,000 patients have been treated for vTOS and reported in the literature since 1970. Declotting of the SCV was followed by surgical decompression in 53% of patients, while in the remainder, surgical decompression alone (18%), endovascular intervention alone (15%), or conservative therapy with anticoagulation (15%) was performed. The initial intervention was predominantly catheter-directed thrombolysis, with <10% of cases undergoing concomitant balloon angioplasty. 93% of cases were successful. In the postoperative phase, balloon angioplasty was performed to correct residual intrinsic SCV disease after vTOS decompression in under 15% of cases. Stents were rarely deployed. Symptom relief was reported as 94 ± 12% (mean ± SD) and 90 ± 23%, respectively for declotting with decompression and declotting alone. In the delayed phase, balloon angioplasty was performed in under 15% of cases to re-establish patency

Structures of the Apo and FAD-Bound Forms of 2-Hydroxybiphenyl 3-monooxygenase (HbpA) Locate Activity Hotspots Identified by Using Directed Evolution

The FAD-dependent monooxygenase HbpA from Pseudomonas azelaica HBP1 catalyses the hydroxylation of 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2HBP) to 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl (23DHBP). HbpA has been used extensively as a model for studying flavoprotein hydroxylases under process conditions, and has also been subjected to directed-evolution experiments that altered its catalytic properties. The structure of HbpA has been determined in its apo and FAD-complex forms to resolutions of 2.76 and 2.03 Å, respectively. Comparisons of the HbpA structure with those of homologues, in conjunction with a model of the reaction product in the active site, reveal His48 as the most likely acid/base residue to be involved in the hydroxylation mechanism. Mutation of His48 to Ala resulted in an inactive enzyme. The structures of HbpA also provide evidence that mutants achieved by directed evolution that altered activity are comparatively remote from the substrate-binding site

The Grizzly, November 21, 1986

LCB: A Factor Not Counted On • Garton Lecture Stirs Debate • Letters: Grizzly\u27s Summary was False; Hey Wismer, Who\u27s Getting Ripped Off Here?; Lobby Loses Labyrinth • Bear Matmen Turn Marauders at LaSalle • Football Preview: Repetti Goes for Recordhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1176/thumbnail.jp

Diet and exercise advice and referrals for cancer survivors: An integrative review of medical and nursing perspectives

Purpose: To examine the perspectives of medical and nursing health professionals concerning their roles and responsibilities in providing dietary and exercise advice to cancer survivors, and referrals to allied health professionals. Methods: An integrative review. PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science databases, and bibliographies of relevant studies were searched from December 2011 to June 2021. All studies were eligible for inclusion. The Mixed-Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used to critically appraise included studies. Data were extracted and synthesised regarding the perspectives of medical and nursing health professionals on their roles, responsibilities, barriers, and facilitators. Results: Twenty-one studies involving 3401 medical and nursing health professionals and 264 cancer survivors of diverse cancer types were included. Ten quantitative, nine qualitative, and two mixed-methods studies were eligible. All included studies met at least 80% of the quality criteria in the MMAT. Major findings include the following: (1) medical and nursing health professionals were unclear on their roles in providing dietary and exercise advice to cancer survivors but agreed they play a key role in referrals to dietitians and exercise professionals; (2) most cancer survivors valued the involvement of their general practitioner when receiving dietary and exercise advice. Conclusion: Although medical and nursing health professionals understand that referrals to allied health professionals form part of their role, there is a lack of clarity regarding their roles to provide dietary and exercise advice to cancer survivors. Future studies should address barriers and facilitators of dietary and exercise advice and referral by medical and nursing health professionals

Examining the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers during COVID‐19 hospitalization and subsequent long‐COVID symptoms: A longitudinal and retrospective study

IntroductionLong-COVID is a heterogeneous condition with a litany of physical and neuropsychiatric presentations and its pathophysiology remains unclear. Little is known about the association between inflammatory biomarkers, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the acute phase, and persistent symptoms after hospitalization in COVID-19 patients.MethodsIL-6, CRP, troponin-T, and ferritin were analyzed at admission for all patients with COVID-19 between September 1, 2020 to January 10, 2021. Survivors were followed up 3-months following hospital discharge and were asked to report persistent symptoms they experienced. Admission data were retrospectively collected. Independent t-tests and Mann–Whitney U tests were performed.ResultsIn a sample of 144 patients (62.5% male, mean Age 62 years [SD = 13.6]) followed up 3 months after hospital discharge, the commonest symptoms reported were fatigue (54.2%), breathlessness (52.8%), and sleep disturbance (37.5%). In this sample, admission levels of IL-6, CRP and ferritin were elevated. However, those reporting myalgia, low mood, and anxiety at follow-up had lower admission levels of IL-6 (34.9 vs. 52.0 pg/mL, p = .043), CRP (83 vs. 105 mg/L, p = .048), and ferritin (357 vs. 568 ug/L, p = .01) respectively, compared with those who did not report these symptoms. Multivariate regression analysis showed that these associations were confounded by gender, as female patients had significantly lower levels of IL-6 and ferritin on admission (29.5 vs. 56.1, p = .03 and 421.5 vs. 589, p = .001, respectively) and were more likely to report myalgia, low mood and anxiety, when compared to males.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that female patients present more often with lower levels of inflammatory biomarkers on admission which are subsequently associated with long-term post-COVID symptoms, such as myalgia and anxiety, in those discharged from hospital with severe COVID-19. Further research is needed into the role of serum biomarkers in post-COVID prognostication

Impact of oil composition on microwave heating behavior of heavy oils

Electromagnetic heating techniques have recently received significant attention as alternatives to conventional heating methods for thermal processing of viscous and heavy oils. One of the benefits of electromagnetic heating is that the electromagnetic field can penetrate the viscous oil and the rock matrix, allowing heating to take place a significant distance away from the electromagnetic source. Opportunities exist for electromagnetic heating in overcoming the heat-transfer limitations within viscous oils, and potentially as a down-hole or in-situ heating technique to raise the temperature within a reservoir. The fundamental interaction of electromagnetic energy with viscous and heavy oils and their constituent components is poorly-understood, and this study enhances the understanding of these interactions at microwave frequencies by establishing the effect of temperature on the dielectric properties of heavy oil and its SARA fractions. The dielectric properties of two heavy oils were studied at temperatures up to 300 °C and frequencies from 900 MHz to 3.0 GHz. The loss factor of both oils was found to increase significantly with temperature, which was linked to a corresponding reduction in viscosity. It is shown for the first time, contrary to previous assertions in the literature, that aromatics and resins are the main contributors towards dielectric loss in heavy oils, whereas saturates and asphaltenes were found to have a negligible influence on the loss factor of the oil. Thus, it will be seen that, at higher temperatures or where there is a high abundance of aromatics and resins, the oils are more susceptible to being heated directly with microwaves, opening up new opportunities for microwave processing of oils in refinery and field settings without a need for microwave-absorbing additives