Inerrancy and Sovereignty: a Case Study on Carl F. H. Henry

Problem This study examines how the concept of inerrancy of Scripture presupposes a particular understanding of divine sovereignty. Investigation is based on the writings of Carl F. H. Henry, a contemporary American evangelical theologian. Method This investigation uses case—study approach. It consists of a descriptive analysis of Carl Henry\u27s concepts of inerrancy and sovereignty as individual concepts and the sense in which the former presupposes the latter. General inferences are based on that analysis. Results This study shows that Henry\u27s concept of sovereignty is an indispensable presupposition in his concept of inerrancy. Among other things, sovereignty denotes Gad\u27s absolute causality, thereby providing the theological grounds on which scriptural inerrancy is predicated. Conelusions The concept of inerrancy is best explained in theological contexts where divine sovereignty is affirmed and understood in absolute causal terms

Factors Associated with the Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak in Montserrado County, Liberia

The 2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak went on record as the most distressing epidemic in the 41 years history of Ebola following its discovery in DRC and South Sudan. Liberia, one of the three nations at the epicentre of the EVD outbreak, grapples with poverty and is still recovering from civil war that ended in 2003, suffers a weak health system. Montserrado County in Liberia was one of the three counties that were hit hardest by the outbreak, the others being Lofa and Margibi. The primary objective of this study was to assess the aspects linked to the identification and response patterns with regards to the EVD outbreak in Montserrado County, Liberia. This was necessitated by the dire need for effective infectious disease detection and control. A cross-sectional design was adopted. Primary data was collected from nurses in Montserrado and further secondary data was abstracted from County health records. Montserrado recorded a case fatality rate of 44.7%. Analysis showed that the odds of females dying from EVD were 21% lower than for men. Age and location decreased odds to 16% though not at a statistically significant level. Longer time to detection meant higher chances of fatality; mean days to detection for those who recovered was 5.49±4.02 and 5.82±4.18 for fatalities. Lack of diagnostic capacity, fear, limited knowledge of the disease, and sociocultural beliefs presented as some of the key barriers to detection and response. There is need to improve the health system in Liberia, conduct more rigorous health education, strengthen disease surveillance, and break barriers to detection and response for better preparedness. Keywords: Ebola virus disease, outbreak, Montserrado, Liberi

The Invisible Gender in the Corporate World: A Case Study of the Business Daily Newspaper in Kenya

The business world creates a power structure of male as authority (topdog) and female as the underdog. This discriminative structure has been passed down through generations. Consequently it has denied women the power to control their own resources .This paper purposes to show that the corporate world has maintained the male as authority bias to date and progress in attaining gender parity is ‘painfully’ slow especially for women seeking executive positions, Keywords: merchants, social construction of gender, corporate worl

ケニアのレイク・ナクル国立公園における環境ガバナンスのための相乗作用について

筑波大学 (University of Tsukuba)201

The Trend of Climate Variability Effects on Dairy Farming in Masaba North, Nyamira County Kenya

The dairy-climate change dilemma in Kenya cannot be mistaken. However, extensive research into dairy farming and an understanding of the dynamics of climate variability effects is greatly lacking.The study investigated the effects of climate variability on dairy cattle breeds in Masaba North, Kenya. The objective for the study were to determine the trend of climate variability and its effects on dairy farming. During the study two sampling techniques were used; purposive and systematic sampling that captured key informants and household information respectively with a targeted sample size of 100 respondents. Further, the findings obtained were analyzed through Statistical Package of Social Sciences and Excel. Data was presented in tables, graphs and pie charts. The findings showed that temperature had rose by 0.80 C in the past 30 years with anomalies of rainfall across the years indicating variability effect in the area. From the study, 89% of farmers respondent on effect of climate variability to dairy cattle. The integral recommendations were; improve dairy cattle performance through adoption of modern livestock techniques and harnessing immediate farmers’ education to mitigate climate variability effects. Keywords: Dairy farming, Climate change, Climate variability; Temperature, Precipitatio

Understanding the Adaptive Mechanisms of Plant in Low Phosphorous Soil

With the rapidly increasing world population and escalating food demand in the face of changing weather patterns, it is imperative to improve our understanding of how root functional traits enhance water acquisition and nutrient foraging for improved crop yields. Phosphorous (P) is poorly bioavailable element and essential for plant growth and development. Natural P reserves are very limited, and its availability is greatly influenced by several environmental factors, e.g., due to finite natural resources, soil pH, organic matter, and soluble complexes with cations (Al, Fe, and Ca); therefore, P limitation is a major factor that adversely affects crop production. To ensure an efficient and stable agricultural system, the establishment of P efficient crop production is inevitable. Plants have evolved different adaptability mechanisms to overcome these nutrient stresses. Low P adapted responses in plants are considered as an important trait for developing new lines with improved P acquisition, water uptake efficiency, and eventually protect roots from physical impedance. Previous studies showed that, modification in root architecture is potentially correlated with water, nutrient and phosphorus uptake. During P deficit condition, plant root undergoes several phenotypic (root hair density, cluster root, and lateral root) and biochemical modifications (citrate, malate, and acid phosphates secretion) leading to the solubilization and acquisition of unavailable P complexes in soil. This chapter reveals the biochemical, physiological, and molecular mechanisms of plant adaptive responses to low P availability. Moreover, this chapter proposes how plant competes with various abiotic stresses such as P deficiency, drought, and salinity. Screening of plants with superior root hair traits would be an important approach toward the development of P efficient crop varieties

Comparative description of land use and characteristics of belowground biodiversity benchmark sites in Kenya = Descripción comparativa de usos del suelo y características de la diversidad del subsuelo en sitios empleados como referencia en Kenia

In Kenya, the below-ground biodiversity (BGBD) project selected two benchmark sites for the inventory of soil biota; these included the Irangi and Ngangao forest sites in the Mount Kenya region of Embu District and the Taita Hills area of Taita Taveta District. The areas selected by the project were located in biodiversity hotspots that are supporting rare and endemic plant and animal species. For more in-depth studies and analysis, the broader Embu and Taita benchmark areas were further sub-sampled into smaller areas that we refer to as study areas, designated by the symbols E1 and E2 for Embu and T1 and T2 for Taita benchmark. Within the study areas, we plotted and sampled 200x200 square grids for collecting soil as well as socio-economic data. Site characterization was carried out using the method provided by FAO-UNESCO for characterizing and classifying soils. Further to this, attempts were made to establish land use intensity (LUI) and land productivity (PI) indices that provided land condition indicators. The indicators offered insights into the quantitative relationship between the environmental conditions and land use. Parameters used in the computation of the land use intensity were; total quantity of inputs per ha, the frequency of input application, cropping intensity and cultivation frequency. The soils in Taita Taveta benchmark site were classified as Plinthic Lixisols, Plinthic Acrisols, Dystric Cambisols and Chromic Luvisols, while those from Embu ones were Rhodic Nitisols, Humic Nitisols, Humic Acrisols, Haplic Acrisols and Umbric Andosols. The highest level of soil organic carbon recorded was 7.6% in the forest and the lowest value of 1.6% in intensely cultivated maize-based and horticultural systems. Low land use intensity gradients were observed in the forests (LUI40%). The productivity index (PI) followed a similar trend, being highest in the natural forest and grassland (40-50%) and lowest in horticultural and maize-based systems (15-20%) It was concluded that the decline in soil quality and productivity was linked to increased land use intensification and lack of knowledge of the appropriate management practices for sustainable ecosystem functions and services