Propriétés Antidiarrhéiques de L’extrait Aqueux de Solanum Torvum (Solanaceae) chez le Rat de Souche Wistar

En Afrique, particulièrement en Côte d’Ivoire, Solanum torvum (Solanaceae) est couramment utilisé en médecine traditionnelle pour le traitement de plusieurs pathologies, entre autre la diarrhée. En vue de contribuer à la valorisation des plantes médicinales par l’établissement de bases scientifiques justifiant leurs utilisations en médecine traditionnelle, cette étude est menée sur Solanum torvum (Solanaceae). La diarrhée est une pathologie mortelle, considérée par l’OMS comme un problème de santé publique. Le but de cette étude est principalement d’évaluer, chez des rats, le potentiel antidiarrhéique d’un extrait aqueux de feuilles de Solanum torvum (EASt). Pour cela, des rats sont prétraités avec l’EASt avant de recevoir par voie orale de l’huile de ricin, puis leurs crottes diarrhéiques sont comptées. Leur intestin est isolé et vidé pour déterminer le volume du contenu intestinal. La durée du transit intestinal est aussi mesurée grâce au charbon actif utilisé comme marqueur. Cette étude montre que, sur des rats rendus diarrhéique, l’EASt administré par voie orale aux doses de 150 et 250 mg/kg PC réduit de façon dose-dépendante l’apparition et le nombre de crottes diarrhéiques et, ainsi, baisse la sévérité de la diarrhée. L’EASt entraîne aussi chez ces rats une diminution du volume du contenu intestinal et une réduction de la mobilité intestinale par rapport aux témoins diarrhéiques. Ces effets de l’EASt sont similaires à ceux du lopéramide sur les crottes diarrhéiques et sur le volume du contenu intestinal de rats rendus diarrhéiques. Ces effets sont aussi semblables à celui du sulfate d’atropine sur la mobilité gastro-intestinale de rats rendus diarrhéiques. Ces actions de l’EASt indiquent que cet extrait a des propriétés antidiarrhéiques. Ces propriétés antidiarrhéiques de l’extrait aqueux de Solanum torvum justifient l’utilisation traditionnelle de cette plante contre la diarrhée. Cet extrait pourrait donc être préconisé dans le traitement de cette pathologie. In Africa, particularly in Côte d'Ivoire, Solanum torvum (Solanaceae) is commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several pathologies, including diarrhea. In order to contribute to the promotion of medicinal plants by establishing scientific bases justifying their uses in traditionalmedicine, this study is conducted on Solanumtorvum(Solanaceae). Diarrhea is a deadly disease, considered by WHO to be a public health problem. The aim of this study is mainly to assess, in rats, the antidiarrheal potential of an aqueous extract of Solanum torvum leaves (EASt). For this, rats are pretreated with EASt before receiving castor oil by mouth, then their diarrheal droppings are counted. Their gut is isolated and emptied to determine the volume of intestinal contents. The duration of intestinal transit is also measured using activated charcoal used as a marker. This study shows that, in rats rendered diarrheal, EASt administered orally at doses of 150 and 250 mg / kg bw dose-dependent reduced the appearance and the number of droppings of diarrhea and, thus, reduced the severity diarrhea. In these rats, EASt also causes a decrease in the volume of intestinal contents and a reduction in intestinal mobility compared to the diarrheal controls. These effects of EASt are similar to those of loperamide on diarrheal droppings and on the volume of the intestinal contents of rats rendered diarrheal. These effects are also similar to that of atropine sulfate on the gastrointestinal mobility of rats with diarrhea. These EASt actions indicate that this extract has anti-diarrheal properties. These anti-diarrheal properties of the aqueous extract of Solanum torvum justify the traditional use of this plant against diarrhea. This extract could therefore be recommended in the treatment of this pathology

Effet de l’extrait aqueux de l’écorce de tige de Anthocleista djalonensis A. Chev (Gentianaceae) sur la glycémie des lapins

En Côte d’Ivoire, le diabète sucré est un problème majeur de santé publique avec une prévalence estimée à 9,6%. Les remèdes à base de plantes constituent une alternative thérapeutique pour la prise en charge de cette pathologie. Parmi les phytomédicaments les plus utilisés pour le traitement du diabète, figure l’extrait aqueux des écorces de tige de Anthocleista djalonensis. L’objectif de l’étude était de rechercher l’effet hypoglycémiant de l’extrait aqueux des écorces de tige de Anthocleista djalonensis chez le lapin. Ainsi, l’effet hypoglycémiant de l’extrait aqueux a été mis en évidence par voie orale chez les lapins normoglycémiques et rendus hyperglycémiques en comparaison avec un lot témoin et un lot de référence sous glibenclamide. Au total, vingt quatre (24) lapins répartis en 8 lots de 3 ont été utilisés durant quatre heures d’expérimentation. Les résultats ont mis en évidence les propriétés hypoglycémiantes de l’extrait aqueux des écorces de tige de Anthocleista djalonensis à la concentration de 2500 mg/kg de poids corporel (p.c) chez les lapins traités. Toutefois, l’évaluation de l’effet hypoglycémiant sur une période d’expérimentation plus longue et l’étude de son innocuité sont à envisager.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Extrait aqueux, Anthocleista djalonensis, hypoglycémiant, diabèteEnglish Title: Effect of the aqueous extract of Anthocleista djalonensis A. Chev (Gentianaceae) stem bark on the glycaemia of rabbitsEnglish AbstractIn Côte d’Ivoire, diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem with an estimated prevalence of 9.6%. Herbal remedies constitute a therapeutic alternative for the treatment of this pathology. Among phytomedicines commonly used for the treatment of diabetes, the aqueous extract of the stem bark of  Anthocleista djalonensis was described. The hypoglycemic effect of the aqueous extract was demonstrated by the oral route in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic rabbits in comparison with a control group and a batch of reference under glibenclamide. A total of twenty four (24) rabbits divided into eight batches of 3 were used for four hours of experimentation. The results showed the hypoglycemic properties of the aqueous extract of the stem bark Anthocleista djalonensis at a concentration of 2500 mg/kg.p.c in the treated rabbits. However, the evaluation of the hypoglycemic effect over a longer period of experimentation and study of its safety are considered.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Aqueous extract, hypoglycemic effect, Anthocleista djalonensis, diabete

Antibacterial Properties of an Aqueous Extract of Solanum torvum (Solanaceae) on a Few Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Strains to Common Antibiotics

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the aqueous extract of Solanum torvum leaves (EASt) on multidrug-resistant bacterial strains to common antibiotics. This plant is used in traditional medicine against diarrhoea. Solid agar diffusion and liquid dilution methods were respectively used to assess the sensitivity of bacterial strains to EASt and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Tests performed on ten (10) bacterial strains, isolated from various biological products, showed that Staphylococcus aureus 234 UB/17 and Escherichia coli 135 UB/17, were significantly sensitive to EASt, with a higher sensitivity for the latter strain. This sensitivity was shown by an inhibition of bacterial growth in solid agar and liquid medium, by a decrease in turbidity caused by EASt sensitive germs growth as the concentration of this plant extract increased (25 to 100 mg/ml). This demonstrate that EASt is an antibacterial substance. Thus, treated with EASt at a dose of 100 mg/ml, the MICs of S. aureus 234 UB/17 and E. coli 135 UB/17 were 6.25 and 12.5 mg/ml respectively, and the MBCs were 25 and 50 mg/ml respectively. The ratio of these bactericidal parameters (MBC/MIC) equaled to four (4) for these two bacterial strains, indicating that EASt is bactericidal for these bacterial strains. The antibacterial and bactericidal properties of EASt on multiple antibiotic resistant germs could justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of some bacterial infections causing diarrhoea

INFLUENCE OF MITRAGYNA CILIATA (MYTA) ON THE MICROSOMAL ACTIVITY of ATPase Na+/K+ DEPENDENT EXTRACT ON A RABBIT HEART

Mitragyna ciliata (MYTA) (Rubiaceae) inhibits plasmodia activity. MYTA induces a cardiotonicity of the digitalic type on rat’s isolated heart. In this work we studied the effect of MYTA on microsomal Na+/K+ -dependant ATPase (Na+, K+ ATPase) extracted from the heart of a rabbit since digitalics inhibit Na+, K+ ATPase. Our results revealed that the Na+/K+ ATPase has an optimum pH of 7.4 and temperature of 37oC respectively. There is a linear relationship between the organic phosphate formed and the incubation time over 25 mins incubation period. The ATP hydrolysis rate in the presence of MYTA was 0.775 µM/min. LINEWEAVER and BURK plots showed that MYTA did not alter KM (1.31 mM) but decreased VMAX. This study shows that MYTA exerts a non-competitive inhibition on the microsomal Na+/K+ ATPase extracted from rabbit heart with a Ci50 of 48 µg / ml. We conclude that the mechanism of action of MYTA is linked to the inhibition of the Na+/K+ ATPase like cardiotonics of the digitalic type

Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats

In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security

Bio-guided Isolation of Antioxidant Compounds from Chrysophyllum perpulchrum, a Plant Used in the Ivory Coast Pharmacopeia

Chrysophyllum perpulchrum (Sapotaceae) is used in the traditional Ivory Coast pharmacopeia to cure fevers. The extract of C. perpulchrum used for this study was the powdered form obtained from the maceration of the dried plant bark in 96% methanol, followed by evaporation to dryness. In the present study, the antioxidative and radical-scavenging activities of the methanolic extract were studied with three standard biological tests: DPPH reduction, ferric thiocyanate (FTC) lipidic peroxidation inhibition and thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS). Gallic acid and quercetin were used as references. The total amount of phenolic compounds in the extract was determined by ultraviolet (UV) spectrometry and calculated as gallic acid equivalents. Catechin and two dimeric procyanidins were found to be the compounds responsible for the activities. They were chemically dereplicated in the extract by LC-MS. For quantitation purposes, they were isolated by successive chromatographic methods and characterized by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. The quantities of these compounds in C. perpulchrum were 5.4% for catechin (P1), and 5.6 and 9.2% for dimers (compounds 2 (P2) and 3 (P3)), respectively. They displayed antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 2.50 ± 0.15 µg/mL (P1), 2.10 ± 0.2 µg/mL (P2) and 2.10 ± 0.1 µg/mL (P3). The total extract, the active fractions and the pure compounds inhibited the lipid peroxidation by the FTC method and the TBARS method in the range of 60%. These values were comparable to those seen for quercetin

Impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

Côte d’Ivoire introduced rotavirus vaccine in March 2017. Rotavirus surveillance is conducted at Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Yopougon in Abidjan, the capital city. Children <5 years of age are enrolled in rotavirus surveillance if admitted to the hospital with acute gastroenteritis. We used sentinel surveillance data from 2014 through mid-2019 to compare trends in rotavirus pediatric gastroenteritis hospitalizations before and after rotavirus vaccine introduction. We used Poisson regression to analyze changes in rotavirus prevalence, adjusting for calendar month and accounting for total monthly admissions; January 2014 – December 2016 was considered “pre-vaccine,” and January 2017 – June 2019 was considered “post-vaccine.” Age distribution and severity were compared between periods using the Mann-Whitney U test. Rotavirus-positive admissions declined 51% (95% CI: 28%-67%), from 31.5% pre-vaccine to 14.9% afterward. The median age of rotavirus-positive children increased from 7 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 5–11) in the pre-vaccine period to 11 months (IQR: 7–18, p = .005) in the post-vaccine period. The median severity score decreased from 11 to 9 (p = .008) among all children, and from 12 pre- to 10.5 post-vaccine (p = .35) among rotavirus-positive children. Our findings suggest that rotavirus vaccine introduction contributed to reduced rotavirus hospitalization in Abidjan and possibly more broadly

Entomological monitoring data driving decision-making for appropriate and sustainable malaria vector control in Côte d’Ivoire

Abstract Background Entomological surveillance provides critical information on vectors for appropriate malaria vector control and strategic decision-making. The widely documented insecticide resistance of malaria vectors in Côte d’Ivoire requires that any vector control intervention deployment be driven by entomological data to optimize its effectiveness and appropriate resource allocations. To achieve this goal, this study documents the results of monthly vector surveillance and insecticide susceptibility tests conducted in 2019 and a review of all previous entomological monitoring data used to guide vector control decision making. Furthermore, susceptibility to pirimiphos-methyl and clothianidin was assessed in addition to chlorfenapyr and pyrethroids (intensity and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergism) tests previously reported. Vector bionomic data were conducted monthly in four sites (Sakassou, Béoumi, Dabakala and Nassian) that were selected based on their reported high malaria incidence. Adult mosquitoes were collected using human landing catches (HLCs), pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs), and human-baited CDC light traps to assess vector density, behaviour, species composition and sporozoite infectivity. Results Pirimiphos-methyl and clothianidin susceptibility was observed in 8 and 10 sites, respectively, while previous data reported chlorfenapyr (200 µg/bottle) susceptibility in 13 of the sites, high pyrethroid resistance intensity and increased mortality with PBO pre-exposure at all 17 tested sites. Anopheles gambiae sensu lato was the predominant malaria vector collected in all four bionomic sites. Vector density was relatively higher in Sakassou throughout the year with mean biting rates of 278.2 bites per person per night (b/p/n) compared to Béoumi, Dabakala and Nassian (mean of 48.5, 81.4 and 26.6 b/p/n, respectively). The mean entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was 4.44 infective bites per person per night (ib/p/n) in Sakassou, 0.34 ib/p/n in Beoumi, 1.17 ib/p/n in Dabakala and 1.02 ib/p/n in Nassian. The highest EIRs were recorded in October in Béoumi (1.71 ib/p/n) and Nassian (3.22 ib/p/n), in July in Dabakala (4.46 ib/p/n) and in May in Sakassou (15.6 ib/p/n). Conclusion Based on all results and data review, the National Malaria Control Programme developed and implemented a stratified insecticide-treated net (ITN) mass distribution in 2021 considering new generation ITNs. These results also supported the selection of clothianidin-based products and an optimal spraying time for the first indoor residual spraying (IRS) campaign in Sakassou and Nassian in 2020