Investigations into the synthesis of Indazole

These investigations were undertaken in order to prepare a suitable quantity of pure indazole for further research by other student. A secondary and equally important purpose of the work was to study the products of the reaction carried out and their relative abundance under varying conditions of pH. A suitable electronic mechanism for the reaction was to be proposed. Indazole, at present, has no commercial applications, and is not produced (to the author\u27s knowledge) by any large chemical concern. The interest in this compound is chiefly due to the several structural formulae which have been assigned to it and which offer excellent material for spectroscopic studies

Exact Solutions of Some Dynamical Variables in FRW Universe with Scalar Field Dynamics

The inflationary epoch and the late time acceleration of the expansion rate of universe can be explained by assuming a gravitationally coupled scalar field. In this article, we propose a new method of finding exact solutions in the background of flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmological models by considering both scalar field and matter. We consider different forms of scalar field potential as a function of scale factor. Our method provides analytical expressions for equation of state parameter of scalar field, deceleration parameter and Hubble parameter. This method can be applied to various other forms of scalar field potential, to the early radiation dominated epoch and very early scalar field dominated inflationary dynamics. Since the method produces exact analytical expression for $H(a)$ (i.e., H(z) as well) one can use this result to constrain the model parameters using Hubble parameter data at different redshifts. As an extension of the method, we also consider the inverse problem of reconstructing scalar field potential energy by assuming any general analytical expression of scalar field equation of state parameter as a function of scale factor.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figure

Effect of Hysteresis on Measurements of Thin-Film Cell Performance

Transient or hysteresis effects in polycrystalline thin film CdS/CdTe cells are a function of pre-measurement voltage bias and whether Cu is introduced as an intentional dopant during back contact fabrication. When Cu is added, the current-density (J) vs. voltage (V) measurements performed in a reverse-to-forward voltage direction will yield higher open-circuit voltage (Voc), up to 10 mV, and smaller short-circuit current density (Jsc), by up to 2 mA/cm2, relative to scanning voltage in a forward-to-reverse direction. The variation at the maximum power point, Pmax, is however small. The resulting variation in FF can be as large as 3%. When Cu is not added, hysteresis in both Voc and Jsc is negligible however Pmax hysteresis is considerably greater. This behavior corroborates observed changes in depletion width, Wd, derived from capacitance (C) vs. voltage (V) scans. Measured values of Wd are always smaller in reverse-to-forward voltage scans, and conversely, larger in the forward-to-reverse voltage direction. Transient ion drift (TID) measurements performed on Cu-containing cells do not show ionic behavior suggesting that capacitance transients are more likely due to electronic capture-emission processes. J-V curve simulation using Pspice shows that increased transient capacitance during light-soak stress at 100 ºC correlates with increased space-charge recombination. Voltage-dependent collection however was not observed to increase with stress in these cells

Correlations of Capacitance-Voltage Hysteresis With Thin-Film CdTe Solar Cell Performance During Accelerated Lifetime Testing

In this paper we present the correlation of CdTe solar cell performance with capacitance-voltage hysteresis, defined presently as the difference in capacitance measured at zero-volt bias when collecting such data with different pre-measurement bias conditions. These correlations were obtained on CdTe cells stressed under conditions of 1-sun illumination, open-circuit bias, and an acceleration temperature of approximately 100 ºC

Use of 2nd and 3rd Level Correlation Analysis for Studying Degradation in Polycrystalline Thin-Film Solar Cells

The correlation of stress-induced changes in the performance of laboratory-made CdTe solar cells with various 2nd and 3rd level metrics is discussed. The overall behavior of aggregated data showing how cell efficiency changes as a function of open-circuit voltage (Voc), shortcircuit current density (Jsc), and fill factor (FF) is explained using a two-diode, PSpice model in which degradation is simulated by systematically changing model parameters. FF shows the highest correlation with performance during stress, and is subsequently shown to be most affected by shunt resistance, recombination and in some cases voltage-dependent collection. Large decreases in Jsc as well as increasing rates of Voc degradation are related to voltage-dependent collection effects and catastrophic shunting respectively. Large decreases in Voc in the absence of catastrophic shunting are attributed to increased recombination. The relevance of capacitance derived data correlated with both Voc and FF is discussed

A Study on Awareness of Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY ) among ANC registered women in Karimganj District

ackground and objectives :    Janani Suraksha Yojana has been a safe motherhood intervention and modified alternative of the National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS). It ensures quality maternal care during pregnancy, delivery and in the immediate post delivery period  along with appropriate referral and transport assistance. It provides three pregnancy related benefits i.e. antenatal care , institutional delivery and post natal care to prevent maternal deaths and pregnancy related complications in women and at the same time ensure the well -being of the mother and the new born . The present study was carried out in Karimganj district to assess the awareness about Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) among ANC registered women.Setting & design: It was a descriptive study. Methods: Multi Stage Sampling was employed in the selection of the samples. The number of JSY beneficiaries who received at least 1 ANC checkup in each block was considered as ‘strata’ and proportionately the samples were selected from each Block of 7 Blocks of the district. Thus, the total number of samples collected were 373 from 36 villages. However, the representation of the samples was emphasized on the Blocks. Results:  Of the 373 mothers interviewed, (29.22%) were aware about the Janani Suraksha Yojana to some extent. Most respondents (53.6%) have received ANC more than 3 times. A vast majority of the respondents (95.2%) have learnt about the JSY through ASHA. More than half of the respondents have awareness about maternal health. Half of the respondents knew that there exists a programme for pregnant women for safe institutional selivery. A vast majority of the respondents (85.3%) have delivery of the last children at institutions. A majority of the respondents have received financial assistance under JSY. A larger majority of the respondents (84.2%) are advised by ASHA about child immunization. Of the 373 respondents, 231 (61.9%) of them are aware about the postnatal care. Many respondents (51.5%) have consumed 50-100 iron and folic tablets during the last pregnancy. Conclusion :  JSY have a positive outcome for  the improvement of reproductive health because it  integrates three pregnancy related benefits i.e. antenatal care, institutionalized delivery, and  postpartum care. JSY services are significantly increasing the use of antenatal care services and institutional delivery which is one of the main objective of JSY