Delivering of Proteins to the Plant Vacuole-An Update

Trafficking of soluble cargo to the vacuole is far from being a closed issue as it can occur by different routes and involve different intermediates. The textbook view of proteins being sorted at the post-Golgi level to the lytic vacuole via the pre-vacuole or to the protein storage vacuole mediated by dense vesicles is now challenged as novel routes are being disclosed and vacuoles with intermediate characteristics described. The identification of Vacuolar Sorting Determinants is a key signature to understand protein trafficking to the vacuole. Despite the long established vacuolar signals, some others have been described in the last few years, with different properties that can be specific for some cells or some types of vacuoles. There are also reports of proteins having two different vacuolar signals and their significance is questionable: a way to increase the efficiency of the sorting or different sorting depending on the protein roles in a specific context? Along came the idea of differential vacuolar sorting, suggesting a possible specialization of the trafficking pathways according to the type of cell and specific needs. In this review, we show the recent advances in the field and focus on different aspects of protein trafficking to the vacuoles

Xilogenese in vitro Estudo anatomo-metabolico em culturas de tecidos de Sedum telephium L

Available from Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Servico de Informacao e Documentacao, Av. D. Carlos I, 126, 1200 Lisboa / FCT - Fundação para o Ciência e a TecnologiaSIGLEPTPortuga

A etica da comunicacao e os meios modernos - O campo dos media e a questao da legitimidade nas sociedades complexas

Today more than ever, the ethical and moral questions of communications are pertinent in our day lifes and in various contexts of social life, affecting in an immediate manner different levels of experience. Thus, these questions constitute a primordial challenge to sociological thought. It is in response to this challenge that this study endeavors to analyze the public space and public opinion, institutions, of reference in modern societies that bring into focus the eminent ethical and moral dilemmas of communication today. The proposed analysis begins with the notion of social action and follows two fundamental vectors: social action as a for of rationality and as a process of meaning. The current situation of practical reason - of rationality at the levles of the regulation of social relationships and of forms of sociability - is marked by a deep discontinuity between the symbolic mediatizations of modern technological mecahnisms and the utopian universe of communication. This fracture in public discourse situates the ethical-moral discussion with modern media and leads to their questioning as language mechanisms: with an eminently performative and pragmatic dimension (extended in immediate terms as forms of action) that assume a profound compromise with life and with mankind. Recognizing that the media are bearers of an ethical and moral problem in our societies means that they cannot be vewed in a simple manner, nor as demoniac forces, nor as celestial beings. The ethical interpellation that the media provide demands more than the mere questioning of their internal functioning, a tragic perspective that is often transmitted and that reduces the ethical and the moral dimensions to some (more or less fundamental) deontology. It is the inscription of media in collective experience that is in question, reason for which it becomes indispensable to reflect upon media in the framework of different forms of life and generally, in symblic processes. The investigation of this question is developed in four phases. The first phase defines the theoretical and methodological framework from a reaproximation with critical theory of society based on the paradigm of communication. The second phase proceeds with a discussion of the structure of communication in modern societies, based on a genealogical procedure of reconstitution of the institutions of the public space and public opinion that reveals their profoundly ambivalent relationship and tensions in our days.. In the third phase, the relationship of communication with ethics and morals is undertaken within the framework of democratic thought and a democratic form of life. An attempt is made to respond to a dual challenge: the cahllenge of social justice (in terms of an acceptable organization of collective life) and the autonomy of the individual (translated in the utopian energies that endow the world with meanings). In the final phase, the investigation concludes with a more detailed discussion of the problem of power. To the exaltations of subjectivity and the proclamations of the 'end of the subject', this study presents the alternative of a form of power constituted on an ethical and moral basis, a form of power that finds its normative reference in communication and its inherent intercomprehensive demandsAvailable from Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Servico de Informacao e Documentacao, Av. D. Carlos I, 126, 1200 Lisboa / FCT - Fundação para o Ciência e a TecnologiaSIGLEPTPortuga

Topographical characteristics and evaluating water quality in watershed management

Topographical characteristics and water quality were evaluated at Hacienda Gloria, in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil. Understanding the relief's morphometric characteristics and the course of the streams in a small watershed supported the hypothesis that land-use affects water quality and helps predict how changes in water-flow and the surrounding landscape occur; areas protected by native forest and those dedicated to agriculture were considered. Water quality was sampled at six sites and physical and chemical changes were analysed. Monthly water samples were collected from the streams on the same day of each month during the course of a year; Horiba equipment was used for recording data. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for determining differences between the sites being investigated. Analysing the data revealed significant differences in pH, electric conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and temperature. Topographical characteristics have been influenced by agricultural activity, thereby having an environmental impact. Surface runoff was predominant on steep slopes, mainly in areas near the top of the watershed. Land-use has had a significant impact on many physical parameters, including stream turbidity and temperature which increased with deforestation. The results indicated the agricultural watershed's fragility to pollutant exposure and/or toxicity, mainly due to turbidity in the streams caused by soil erosion, waste discharge and runoff.Se evaluaron características topográficas y muestras de agua en un cauce de la hacienda Gloria, municipio Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil. Las características morfométricas del relieve y del agua fueron estudiadas en una pequeña cuenca hidrográfica, considerando zonas protegidas con bosque nativo y aquellas que presentaban uso agrícola de la tierra para ajustar la hipótesis de que el uso de ella afecta la calidad del agua y ayuda a predecir cómo se producen los cambios en este y en el local paisaje circundante. La calidad del agua fue evaluada en seis sitios y se analizaron los cambios de los parámetros físicos y químicos. Las muestras fueron recolectadas el mismo día de cada mes, durante un año, mediante un equipo de Horiba. Para determinar diferencias entre los sitios estudiados se realizó el análisis de varianza (Anova). El análisis de los datos presentó diferencias significativas de pH, conductividad eléctrica, turbidez, oxígeno disuelto y temperatura. Las características topográficas han sido influenciadas por las actividades agrícolas, impactando el medio ambiente. La escorrentía superficial es predominante en las laderas pronunciadas, sobre todo en las zonas altas de la cuenca. Los resultados indican la fragilidad de la cuenca agrícola a la exposición de contaminantes o agentes tóxicos, debido a la turbidez en el agua causada por la erosión de los suelos, la deposición de residuos agrícolas y por la escorrentía superficial.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

The role of corals on the abundance of a fish ectoparasite in the Great Barrier Reef

Gnathiid isopods, common fish ectoparasites, can affect fish physiology, behaviour and survival. Gnathiid juveniles emerge from the benthos to feed on fish blood. In the Caribbean, gnathiids are positively associated with dead coral and negatively associated with live coral, due to coral predation on gnathiids. However, such interactions were unstudied in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Due to recent extreme weather events (two cyclones and one mass warm-water coral bleaching event, 2014–2016), it is now urgent to understand the role of corals on the abundance of these ectoparasites. Here, to understand parasite–coral dynamics at the micro-habitat level, we examined substrate associations of gnathiid isopods on Lizard Island (GBR) using demersal plankton emergence traps. Additionally, we determined whether two abundant hard coral species, Goniopora lobata and Pocillopora damicornis, predate on gnathiids in a laboratory experiment using containers with gnathiids and fragments from each coral species or dead coral as controls. The abundance of gnathiids over natural substrates was higher for dead compared to live hard coral and sand, but not live soft coral. Moreover, we found that free-swimming gnathiids decreased in containers with live coral compared to dead coral controls. This was attributed to predation as we also directly observed a coral ingesting a gnathiid. Our results suggest that dead coral is a suitable microhabitat for gnathiids, but that live coral is not since live corals can predate on gnathiids. We propose that following extreme events, such as cyclones and heat waves, gnathiids might benefit from more dead coral substrate and a decrease in predation by the reduction in coral cover on the reef. We advocate that an increase in the frequency of extreme events may have cascading effects for the fish population through changes in the population of benthos-dependent ectoparasites

Características topográficas y evaluación del agua en el manejo de cuencas hidrográficas

Topographical characteristics and water quality were evaluated at Hacienda Gloria, in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil. Understanding the relief's morphometric characteristics and the course of the streams in a small watershed supported the hypothesis that land-use affects water quality and helps predict how changes in water-flow and the surrounding landscape occur; areas protected by native forest and those dedicated to agriculture were considered. Water quality was sampled at six sites and physical and chemical changes were analysed. Monthly water samples were collected from the streams on the same day of each month during the course of a year; Horiba equipment was used for recording data. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for determining differences between the sites being investigated. Analysing the data revealed significant differences in pH, electric conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and temperature. Topographical characteristics have been influenced by agricultural activity, thereby having an environmental impact. Surface runoff was predominant on steep slopes, mainly in areas near the top of the watershed. Land-use has had a significant impact on many physical parameters, including stream turbidity and temperature which increased with deforestation. The results indicated the agricultural watershed's fragility to pollutant exposure and/or toxicity, mainly due to turbidity in the streams caused by soil erosion, waste discharge and runoff.Se evaluaron características topográficas y muestras de agua en un cauce de la hacienda Gloria, municipio Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil. Las características morfométricas del relieve y del agua fueron estudiadas en una pequeña cuenca hidrográfica, considerando zonas protegidas con bosque nativo y aquellas que presentaban uso agrícola de la tierra para ajustar la hipótesis de que el uso de ella afecta la calidad del agua y ayuda a predecir cómo se producen los cambios en este y en el local paisaje circundante. La calidad del agua fue evaluada en seis sitios y se analizaron los cambios de los parámetros físicos y químicos. Las muestras fueron recolectadas el mismo día de cada mes, durante un año, mediante un equipo de Horiba. Para determinar diferencias entre los sitios estudiados se realizó el análisis de varianza (Anova). El análisis de los datos presentó diferencias significativas de pH, conductividad eléctrica, turbidez, oxígeno disuelto y temperatura. Las características topográficas han sido influenciadas por las actividades agrícolas, impactando el medio ambiente. La escorrentía superficial es predominante en las laderas pronunciadas, sobre todo en las zonas altas de la cuenca. Los resultados indican la fragilidad de la cuenca agrícola a la exposición de contaminantes o agentes tóxicos, debido a la turbidez en el agua causada por la erosión de los suelos, la deposición de residuos agrícolas y por la escorrentía superficial

Instituições culturais e representatividade : Chiado, Baixa, arte pública e esfera comunicacional

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio