Impacto de la vacunación en el control de la lengua azul

La Lengua Azul (LA) es una enfermedad de reemergencia mundial transmitida por insectos del género Culicoides y que afecta a rumiantes domésticos y algunos silvestres. En Europa es actualmente una enfermedad de gran importancia por las pérdidas económicas que ocasiona. Desde el año 2000 hasta la actualidad en España, ha habido brotes de 4 serotipos distintos de LA, cada uno de ellos con un comportamiento muy diferente en cuanto a distribución, población afectada y patogenicidad. El control en España se realiza mediante el uso de distintas medidas profilácticas, pero la herramienta fundamental para la erradicación es la vacunación. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en profundizar en el impacto de la vacunación en España, para lo cual se ha investigado el papel que ha tenido la vacunación en la evolución de los serotipos de LA en España entre los años 2000 y 2008.The bluetongue virus (BTV) is a reemerging worldwide disease transmitted by insects of the genus Culicoides that affects domestic and some wild ruminants. Currently, it is a disease of great importance in Europe due to the economic losses it causes. Since 2002 in Spain, there have been outbreaks of 4 different serotypes of BTV, each with a different behaviour in terms of distribution, population and pathogenicity. Control in Spain has been possible through the use of different prophylactic measures, but the main tool for the eradication is vaccination. The aim of this work is to assess the impact of vaccination in Spain, through the study of the vaccination influence over BTV serotypes’ evolution in Spain (2000-2008)

Simulaciones sanitarias para el estudio de enfermedades infecciosas endémicas, emergentes y reemergentes en el ganado porcino

Depto. de Sanidad AnimalFac. de VeterinariaFALSEsubmitte

Virus Ebola-Reston. ¿el cerdo, un nuevo hospedador?

Ebola-Reston is species of the Ebola virus that was identified for the first time in 1989 in the United States. Several outbreaks have happened since then, affecting monkeys and humans in contact with these, without producing any disease or death in the latter. At the end of 2008 this virus was detected for the first time in pigs of two farms in the Philippines. The main objective of this work has been to analyze the unique outbreak of Ebola-Reston in pigs, and to perform an epidemiological analysis that could help to raise hypothesis about the origin of the virus.. The study of this outbreak confirms the pig as a new host, able to transmit the infection to other swine. This represents a new risk for animal health and public health, due to the virulence of the virus and the importance of the pig for human feeding.Ebola-Reston es una especie de virus Ebola que fue identificado por primera vez en 1989 en Estados Unidos afectando a macacos. Desde entonces han sucedido varios brotes, afectando a monos y a los seres humanos que han contactado con ellos, sin producir enfermedad ni muerte en las personas hasta la fecha. A finales de 2008 este virus fue detectado en cerdos de dos granjas en Filipinas, siendo la primera vez que se describe que esta especie animal se ve afectada por el virus Ebola-Reston. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido analizar este único brote de Ebola-Reston en ganado porcino y realizar un estudio epidemiológico que ayude a plantear hipótesis sobre el posible origen del virus. El estudio confirma al cerdo como nuevo hospedador, capaz de transmitir la infección a sus semejantes. Esto supone un nuevo peligro tanto a nivel de sanidad animal, como de salud pública, debido a la gravedad de la enfermedad producida por este virus y a la importancia del cerdo en la alimentación humana

Desarrollo de un modelo epidemiológico para la evaluación de la difusión de la peste porcina clásica en Segovia

El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un modelo epidemiológico para analizar los patrones de difusión del virus de la peste porcina clásica en Segovia y evaluar las zonas y tipos de granjas con mayor riesgo epidemiológico. El modelo utilizado fue un modelo de transición de estados estocástico y con componente espacial. Como resultado se obtuvieron una media (95% IP) de 28 (1-98) granjas infectadas, 15 (0-70) sacrificadas y 71 (2-279) inmovilizadas en la zona de protección. El tiempo medio de la duración de la epidemia fueron de 63 (1-168) días y el tiempo medio hasta la detección fue de 14 (6-39) días. Las áreas de mayor riesgo de difusión de Peste Porcina Clásica en Segovia se identificaron en la zona centro-oeste de la región. Este estudio puede ser de utilidad como apoyo en la toma de decisiones respecto a la prevención y el control de futuras epidemias de PPC.The aim of this study was to develop an epidemiological model to analyze the spread patterns of the classical swine fever virus in Segovia and to assess the areas and farm types with more epidemiological risk. The model used was a state-transition stochastic and spatial model. As a result it was obtained a mean (95% IP) of 28 (1-98) infected farms, 15 (0-70) depopulated and 71 (2-279) quarantined farms in the protection zone. The average duration of the epidemic was 63 (1-168) days and the average time to detection was 14 (6-39) days. The areas at higher risk of spread of CSF in Segovia were identified in the central-western region. This study could be useful for decision making regarding the prevention and control of potential epidemics of Classical Swine Fever

Valoración de la producción de anticuerpos en un ensayo de vacunas VLP frente a los serotipos 1 y 4 de la lengua azul

El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido valorar mediante una prueba ELISA de competición los anticuerpos frente a VP7 generados por las vacunas VLP frente a los serotipos 1 y 1+4 de la lengua azul, así como tras el desafío de los animales, para poder conocer la respuesta humoral generada por estas vacunas. Los tres grupos de animales vacunados presentaron resultados positivos a los 35 días de la primera vacunación, mientras que en los animales no vacunados sólo se evidenció la presencia de anticuerpos a partir del día 10 tras el desafío. La presencia de anticuerpos en los animales vacunados indica la capacidad de las vacunas VLP para estimular la respuesta humoral.The main purpose of this study was to evaluate by a competitive ELISA test the VP7 antibodies in response to VLPs vaccines for bluetongue serotypes 1 & 1+4, and after the virus challenge, to assess the humoral immune response produced by these VLPs. The three vaccinated groups showed positive results 35 days after the vaccination. However, in non vaccinated animals antibodies were not detected before day 10 post virus challenge. The presence of antibodies in vaccinated animals implies that VLP Vaccines are able to stimulate a humoral response

Seguimiento clínico del ensayo de una vacuna VLP para los serotipos 1 y 1+4 de la lengua azul en ganado ovino

La Lengua azul es una enfermedad vírica sometida a un control sanitario compuesto por varias medidas de prevención, entre ellas la vacunación de las especies sensibles. En el desarrollo de vacunas frente a esta enfermedad, una nueva tendencia es la producción de vacunas polivalentes mediante la técnica de VLP (virus like particles). Este trabajo ha tenido como objetivo valorar mediante seguimiento clínico 2 vacunas VLP, frente al serotipo1 y frente a los serotipos 1+4. Los resultados confirman la falta de fiebre, sintomatología y lesiones anatomopatológicas en los animales vacunados frente a los controles, lo que indica que estas nuevas vacunas protegen frente a la aparición de sintomatología clínica.Bluetongue Virus disease is an infectous disease submitted to a sanitary control composed by several measures of prevention, and one of these measures is the vaccination of the sensible species. In the development of vaccines opposite to this disease, a new trend is the production of polyvalent vaccines by VLP's technology (virus like particles). This work has had as aim to value by clinical survey, 2 VLP vaccines, for serotypes 1 and 1+4. The results confirm the lack of fever, clinical signs and pathologic injuries in vaccinated animals opposite to control animals, which indicates that these new vaccines protect for the appearance of clinical signs

What can we learn from the five-year African swine fever epidemic in Asia?

Today’s global swine industry is exposed to the unprecedented threat of African swine fever (ASF). Asia, the site of the most recent epidemics, could serve as a huge viral reservoir for the rest of the world given the severity of the damage, the huge swine industry, and the high volume of trade with other countries around the world. As the majority of ASF notifications in Asia today originate from pig farms, the movement of live pigs and associated pork products are considered critical control points for disease management. Particularly, small-scale or backyard farms with low biosecurity levels are considered major risk factors. Meanwhile, wild boars account for most notified cases in some countries and regions, which makes the epidemiological scenario different from that in other Asian countries. As such, the current epidemic situation and higher risk factors differ widely between these countries. A variety of studies on ASF control have been conducted and many valuable insights have been obtained in Asia; nevertheless, the overall picture of the epidemic is still unclear. The purpose of this review is to provide an accurate picture of the epidemic situation across Asia, focusing on each subregion to comprehensively explain the disease outbreak. The knowledge gained from the ASF epidemics experienced in Asia over the past 5 years would be useful for disease control in areas that are already infected, such as Europe, as well as for non-affected areas to address preventive measures. To this end, the review includes two aspects: a descriptive analytical review based on publicly available databases showing overall epidemic trends, and an individualized review at the subregional level based on the available literature

Unusual striped dolphin mass mortality episode related to cetacean morbillivirus in the Spanish Mediterranean sea

BACKGROUND In the last 20 years, Cetacean Morbillivirus (CeMV) has been responsible for many die-offs in marine mammals worldwide, as clearly exemplified by the two dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) epizootics of 1990-1992 and 2006-2008, which affected Mediterranean striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). Between March and April 2011, the number of strandings on the Valencian Community coast (E Spain) increased. CASE PRESENTATION Necropsy and sample collection were performed in all stranded animals, with good state of conservation. Subsequently, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Universal Probe Library (UPL) RT-PCR assays were performed to identify Morbillivirus. Gross and microscopic findings compatible with CeMV were found in the majority of analyzed animals. Immunopositivity in the brain and UPL RT-PCR positivity in seven of the nine analyzed animals in at least two tissues confirmed CeMV systemic infection. Phylogenetic analysis, based on sequencing part of the phosphoprotein gene, showed that this isolate is a closely related dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) to that responsible for the 2006-2008 epizootics. CONCLUSION The combination of gross and histopathologic findings compatible with DMV with immunopositivity and molecular detection of DMV suggests that this DMV strain could cause this die-off event

Novel adenovirus detected in captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) suffering from self-limiting gastroenteritis

BACKGROUND Adenoviruses are common pathogens in vertebrates, including humans. In marine mammals, adenovirus has been associated with fatal hepatitis in sea lions. However, only in rare cases have adenoviruses been detected in cetaceans, where no clear correlation was found between presence of the virus and disease status. CASE PRESENTATION A novel adenovirus was identified in four captive bottlenose dolphins with self-limiting gastroenteritis. Viral detection and identification were achieved by: PCR-amplification from fecal samples; sequencing of partial adenovirus polymerase (pol) and hexon genes; producing the virus in HeLa cells, with PCR and immunofluorescence detection, and with sequencing of the amplified pol and hexon gene fragments. A causative role of this adenovirus for gastroenteritis was suggested by: 1) we failed to identify other potential etiological agents; 2) the exclusive detection of this novel adenovirus and of seropositivity for canine adenoviruses 1 and 2 in the four sick dolphins, but not in 10 healthy individuals of the same captive population; and 3) the virus disappeared from feces after clinical signs receded. The partial sequences of the amplified fragments of the pol and hexon genes were closest to those of adenoviruses identified in sea lions with fatal adenoviral hepatitis, and to a Genbank-deposited sequence obtained from a harbour porpoise. CONCLUSION These data suggest that adenovirus can cause self-limiting gastroenteritis in dolphins. This adenoviral infection can be detected by serology and by PCR detection in fecal material. Lack of signs of hepatitis in sick dolphins may reflect restricted tissue tropism or virulence of this adenovirus compared to those of the adenovirus identified in sea lions. Gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis supports a common origin of adenoviruses that affect sea mammals. Our findings suggest the need for vigilance against adenoviruses in captive and wild dolphin populations

Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity as a mediator between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic risk in Spanish healthy adults: a mediation analysis

Background: Public health strategies for cardiovascular prevention highlight the importance of physical activity, but do not consider the additional potentially harmful effects of sedentary behavior. This study was conducted between 2010 and 2012 and analyzed between 2013 and 2014. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic risk factors in the Spanish adult population and to examine whether this relationship is mediated by moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Methods: The cross-sectional study included 1122 healthy subjects belonging to the EVIDENT study. Sedentary behavior was objectively measured over 7 days using Actigraph accelerometers. We assessed waist circumference (WC), triglycerides-to-HDL-C ratio (TG/HDL-C), and mean arterial pressure (MAP), and undertook homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Linear regression models were fitted according to Baron and Kenny procedures for mediation analysis. Results: TG/HDL-C and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in adults who spent more minutes in sedentary activities after adjusting for potential covariates. However when MVPA was added to the ANCOVA models as covariate the effect of sedentary time on HOMA-IR disappeared. In addition, MVPA acted as a full mediator of the relationship between sedentary time and HOMA-IR. In contrast, subjects with lower levels of MVPA presented worse cardiometabolic profiles than those from higher MVPA categories, even after controlling for sedentary time and other potential confounders. Conclusions: These results suggest that both MVPA and sedentary time should be considered when developing cardiometabolic risk guidelines