Subsídios para o planejamento estratégico costeiro do município de Jaguaruna, Santa Catarina

The unplanned occupation of the Coastal Zone has promoted the replacement of the original natural environment by the anthropic environment. This transformation generates conditions that unbalance the Environmental Diversity (abiotic and biotic natures) and prejudice the anthropic environment. This problem tends to continue and worsen in small municipalities; as is the case of municipality of Jaguaruna, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The present paper presents the method of structuring the irst steps of a coastal strategic plan developed in Camacho Balneary/Jaguaruna through actions and scenarios of management based on conlict conditions mapping, the application of the Legal - Environmental Criticality Index (ICLA, in Portuguese), the paradigm of Geodiversity and the local sedimentary dynamics. In a Geographic Information System environment, the regionalization of the Environmental Diversity landscape was carried out by "map algebra" of abiotic and biotic information. After identifying and ranking the main conlict conditions by applying the ICLA, each conlict condition with an area over 1,000 m2 was evaluated. There were 71 conlict conditions, which cover 79.91% of the areas occupied with urban or agricultural activities. When comparing the results with the current management instruments, the main restrictions observed were: disrespect for legal and environmental constraints of occupation; poor sanitation; territory and urban zoning incoherent with the socio-spatial dynamics of Jaguaruna; lack of inancial investment; and insuicient technical staf

Evaluation of sensitivity to zinc and copper of Diophrys appendiculata(Protozoa, Ciliophora) and their associated bacteria, both isolated from a tropical polluted bay

Ciliates are an essential component of microbial food webs, connecting biomass production to higher trophic levels and providing substrates for bacterial growth. Bacteria are widespread in sea sediment and the first to metabolize organic matter. Heavy metals are toxic and bind to particulate organic matter. This work aims to study the influence of heavy metals (Zn and Cu) on D. appendiculataand their naturally associated bacteria, both from Guanabara Bay during 96 h bioassay with 0, 0.001, 0.009, 0.05, 0.1 mg L-1 and maximum concentration stipulated by CONAMA 357 (Zn 5.0; Cu 1.0 mg L -1). It was analyzed for tolerance, resistance and biomass production. In Zn control, ciliate produced 1.24x10 2-2.47x10 3µg C cm -3 (0-96 h), with 0.009 mg Zn L-1 reaches 2.49x10 2 -1.93x10 3µg C cm -3 (0-96 h). Their naturally associated bacteria, in Zn control, produced 5.0x10 -2 -5.67x10 -2µg C cm -3 (0-96 h), with 0.1 mg Zn L-1 4.87x10 -2 -8.38x10-2µg C cm -3 (0-96 h). In Cu control, D. appendiculataproduced 1.04x10 2 -3.12x10 2µg C cm -3 (0-96 h), with 0.009 mg Cu L-1 biomass was 8.31x10 1 -7.27x10 -2µg C cm -3 (0-96 h) and with CONAMA concentration was below detection level. Their naturally associated bacteria, in Cu control, produced 1.20x10-2 -5.14x10 -2µg C cm -3 (0-96 h) and with 0.1 mg Cu L -1 7.40x10 -4  -3.81x10 -2µg C cm -3  (0-96 h), with CONAMA concentration 5.14x10 -2 µg C cm-3 (96 h). D. appendiculataare tolerant to 0.09 mg L -1 and resistant to 0.1 mg L -1 after 24 h to Zn-Cu and LD50 stipulated was 1.17 (Zn) 0.90 (Cu) mg L -1 . Microbial loop was functional in low concentration of Zn and Cu, but their diversity in nature was affected

Biogeochemical processes in canga ecosystems: armoring of iron ore against erosion and importance in iron duricrust restoration in Brazil

Supergene enriched iron ore deposits in Brazil are typically blanketed by goethite-cemented breccias that form a protective duricrust known as canga. Moderately hard, well consolidated, permeable and resistant to erosion and chemical weathering, the canga blanket protects the relatively friable iron ore below. The protective canga horizons in the Carajás and Quadrilátero Ferrífero mineral provinces represent some of the longest-lived, continuously exposed land surfaces on Earth, and their formation is essential to supergene iron ore enrichment and preservation. Remarkably, the iron-rich duricrusts that have developed in Brazilian tropical rainforest environments, i.e, Carajás, yield geochronological results that indicate that these ancient erosion-resistant surfaces continue to evolve today. Active biogeochemical iron cycling is essential for the ‘self-healing’ cementation/re-cementation occurring in canga, suggesting that recurrent iron reduction and subsequent oxidation are responsible for canga evolution. Macroscopic biological features in canga including ferruginised plant roots and termite tracks have been linked to the biogeochemical cycling of iron. The ‘organic’ textures in canga can be traced to the microscopic scale, preserving fossilised bacterial cell envelopes and permineralised biofilms. At the canga surface, naturally rare and endemic rupestrian plant species carve out an existence, commonly in the absence of soil. Growth of grasses also promotes metal cycling highlighting that the rhizosphere contributes to canga evolution. The fossilisation of microbial biofilms and rhizosphere horizons consolidates canga, affecting its permeability, limiting water transport and enhancing biogeochemical cycling. The development of canga has been essential for the formation, preservation, and discovery of iron ore deposits, and its restoration will ultimately be required for mined land remediation of these unique ecosystems