Reaction of passion fruit progenies to Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) under greenhouse conditions

Apesar da grande importância econômica e da rusticidade do maracujazeiro azedo, tal cultura vem enfrentando vários problemas fitossanitários, entre os quais o vírus do endurecimento do fruto (Cowpea aphidborne mosaic vírus - CABMV). O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar-se a reação de 63 progênies de maracujazeiro azedo ao vírus do endurecimento do fruto (CABMV) e selecionar plantas resistentes, em casa de vegetação da Universidade de Brasília. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 63 tratamentos e quatro repetições. Procedeu-se a inoculação mecânica do vírus, com o extrato de material foliar sintomático macerado em solução tampão fosfato de sódio e o abrasivo celite, em mudas com 40 dias de idade. A avaliação dos sintomas foi feita aos 30 dias após a inoculação, utilizando-se uma escala de notas de 1 a 3, onde 1 significou uma planta resistente, 2 uma planta medianamente resistente e 3 uma planta suscetível. As progênies mais resistentes foram MAR 20-54 e MAR 20-55, e as mais suscetíveis foram MAR 20-02, MAR 20-03, MAR 20-04, MAR 20-14, MAR 20-20, MAR 20-25, MAR 20-30, MAR 20-37 e Porto Rico. Foram selecionadas as plantas resistentes, para posterior inoculação e seleção, dando-se continuidade ao programa de melhoramento genético. _____________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTIn spite of the passionfruit great economic importance and rusticity, such culture has faced several disease related problems, one of which is the Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV). The present study objective was to evaluate the reaction of 63 passionfruit progenies to the Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) and select the resistant ones, under greenhouse conditions of the University of Brasília. The design was randomized blocks, 63 treatments (progenies) and four replications. Thirty-day-old seedlings were mechanically inoculated with the extract of foliate symptomatic material which was macerated in a sodium phosphate solution with the abrasive celite. The symptoms evaluation was made 30 days after inoculation. According to the symptoms, plants were graded on a scale of 1 to 3, where 1 for resistant plant, 2 for medial resistant plant and 3 for suscetible plant. The most resistant progenies were MAR 20-54, MAR 20-55 and most susceptible progenies were MAR 20-02, MAR 20-03, MAR 20-04, MAR 20-14, MAR 20-20, MAR 20-25, MAR 20-30, MAR 20-37 and Porto Rico. The progenies with the highest level of resistance were chosen for future inoculation and for future selection, continuing genetic improvement program

Reaction of passion fruit genotypes to Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV)

O endurecimento dos frutos causado pelo vírus Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) é considerada a virose economicamente mais importante no maracujazeiro-azedo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.). Com o objetivo de avaliar a reação de genótipos de maracujazeiro-azedo ao vírus do endurecimento do fruto implantou-se em casa-de-vegetação na Estação Biológica da Universidade de Brasília (UnB) um experimento utilizando-se mudas provenientes de sementes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos inteiramente casualizados com quatro repetições e 4 plantas por parcela, testando-se 62 genótipos. A inoculação do vírus foi feita mecanicamente utilizando-se o extrato obtido a partir de material foliar sintomático em solução tampão fosfato de sódio e o abrasivo “celite”, em folhas de mudas com 150 dias de idade. Foram realizadas duas avaliações em intervalos de 15 dias. A avaliação da severidade do CABMV foi feita através de uma escala de notas de 1 a 3, sendo 1 folhas sem sintomas de mosaico; 2 folhas com mosaico leve e sem deformações foliares; 3 folhas com mosaico severo, com bolhas e deformações foliares. Na segunda avaliação, os genótipos MAR 20#35, MAR 20#11, MAR 20#51, MAR 20#32 e MAR 20#44 apresentaram a maior porcentagem de plantas resistentes (88%, 87%, 81%, 75%, 73%, respectivamente) e os genótipos MAR 20#09, MAR 20#49, MAR 20#02, MAR 20#27, MAR 20#62, MAR 20#50 e MAR 20#15 apresentaram a menor porcentagem de plantas resistentes (19%, 19%, 13%, 13%, 13%, 7% e 6%, respectivamente). Foram selecionadas plantas resistentes, para posterior inoculação e seleção, dando-se continuidade ao programa de melhoramento genético. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe disease caused by Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) is considered the economically most important viruses in Passionfruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.). In order to investigate the reaction of Passionfruit genotypes to CABMV, an experiment was carried out in glasshouse conditions at the experimental station of Brasilia University. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications and six plants per plot. A number of 62 genotypes were tested. The plants were mechanically inoculated using an extract obtained from a symptomatic leaf material in a solution of sodium phosphate and an abrasive named “celite”, in leaves of seedling with 150 days of age. Two evaluations have been done, at 15 days interval. The score were done using a lesion scale graded from 1 to 3, where 1 means no disease, 2 leafs with mild mosaic and no leaf deformation, and 3 leafs with severe mosaic, blisters and leaf deformations. The genotypes MAR 20#35, MAR 20#11, MAR 20#51, MAR 20#32 e MAR 20#44 showed the higher percentage of resistant plants (88%, 87%, 81%, 75%, 73%, respectively) and the genotypes MAR 20#09, MAR 20#49, MAR 20#02, MAR 20#27, MAR 20#62, MAR 20#50 e MAR 20#15 showed the lower percentage of resistant plants (19%, 19%, 13%, 13%, 13%, 7% e 6%, respectively), in the second evaluation. The progenies with the highest level of resistance were chosen for future inoculation and for future selection, continuing genetic improvement program

Sulfur sources in protein supplements for ruminants

The present study evaluates the efficiency of different sulfur sources for ruminant nutrition. The fiber digestibility and the amino acid profile were analyzed in the duodenal digesta of crossbred steers fed Brachiaria dictyoneurahay. The sources utilized were elemental sulfur (ES70S), elemental sulfur (ES98S); calcium sulfate in hydrated (HCS), CaSO4.2H2O, and anhydrous (ACS), CaSO4, forms; and ammonium sulfate (AS), (NH4)2SO4, keeping a nitrogen:sulfur ratio of 11:1. The iso-protein supplements had 50% of protein in the total dry matter (DM). Five Holstein × Zebu steers, which were fistulated in the rumen and abomasum, were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square. The different sulfur sources in the supplement did not affect any of the evaluated nutritional factors, such as intake of hay dry matter and protein supplement, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), organic matter (OM), non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC), ether extract (EE), total digestible nutrients (TDN), NDFap and CP digestibility coefficients, ruminal pH, and ruminal ammonia concentration. The concentrations of amino acids available in the abomasal digesta did not differ significantly in the tested diets. The sulfur sources evaluated in the present study are suitable as supplement for cattle, and their employment may be important to avoid environmental contaminations

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio