Amado Nervo, la «Amada inmóvil» y el Padrón Municipal.

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El Monte Parnaso en cinco obras del Siglo de Oro.

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Fiesta y literatura en el Colegio Imperial de Madrid.

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La evolución de la estructura salarial, 2002-2010

El artículo examina la evolución de la estructura salarial de los hombres en España en el período 2002-2010 sobre la base de los microdatos de la Encuesta de Estructura Salarial y de la metodología econométrica de descomposición desarrollada por Fortin, Lemieux y Firpo (2011). Se constata que mientras que los salarios reales crecieron moderadamente a lo largo de todo el período, con independencia del ciclo económico, la desigualdad salarial presentó, por el contrario, una evolución contracíclica. Se observan también cambios notables en los determinantes de la evolución de la estructura salarial, ya que mientras que en el período expansivo anterior a la crisis tuvieron un papel protagonista los cambios en los rendimientos salariales, con posterioridad se observan también efectos significativos asociados a las modificaciones en la composición del empleo.The article examines the evolution of the wage structure for men in Spain between 2002 and 2010 on the basis of microdata from the Encuesta de Estructura Salarial and a decomposition econometric methodology developed by Fortin, Lemieux and Firpo (2011). It is observed that real wages grew moderately over the entire period, regardless of the economic cycle, and wage inequality presented a counter-cyclical evolution, increasing significantly after the onset of the economic crisis. Significant changes in the determinants of the evolution of the wage structure are also observed over the period: while changes in wage returns were the most prominent determinants of the evolution of the wage structure during the boom, significant effects are observed during the crisis resulting from changes both in the composition of employment and in wage returns.Este trabajo se ha beneficiado de la financiación del proyecto CSO2011-29943-C03-02 del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad

Reassessing the commuting penalty for immigrants: new evidence from Spain

This article examines the differences in commuting length between native and immigrant employees in Spain, a relevant issue since immigrants' longer commuting times may, among other factors, reflect an imperfect spatial matching of their labour supply and demand with negative implications for their relative labour outcomes and their individual well-being. The research differentiates immigrants according to their origin and is based on a rich, nationally representative database. A novel contribution of the research is the use of decomposition econometric techniques that allow quantifying the joint and individual influence of a wide range of explanatory factors. The evidence obtained shows that, although a relevant part of the explanation of the greater commuting observed for immigrants is related to observed elements such as a different use of modes of transport, they make overall significantly longer journeys when comparing with observationally similar natives. This commuting penalty occurs yet only in the case of immigrants from emerging countries as it does not exist for those from advanced economies. Although the penalty is overall rather similar along several sociodemographic and occupational lines, it is much more pronounced for individuals living in large municipalities, which implies that previous analyses focusing on specific densely populated territories could not be nationally representative. To conclude, we offer additional novel evidence about the potential explanations of the commuting penalty of immigrants showing that it does not seem to derive from a hypothetically greater tolerance to commuting.This work is part of the project CSO2017-86474-R (Spanish State Program of R&D&i), funded by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Agencia Estatal de Investigación, AEI) and the ERDF-EU. Raquel Simón-Albert thanks the funding received from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, AEI and the ESF-EU (PRE2018-085908)

Exploring the effects of commuting on workers’ satisfaction: evidence for Spain

This paper examines the relationship between commuting time and satisfaction with different life domains. Based on data for Spain, the results show that commuting time exerts a negative impact on all areas of satisfaction for male and female workers, and that longer commutes affect women’s satisfaction disproportionally. Using public transport and walking/cycling worsen this effect, as do higher degrees of urbanization and population density. According to the evidence, whose robustness is tested in several ways, the negative effect of commuting time on satisfaction is greater for lower income workers, although for them the Great Recession moderated this effect.This work was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) [grant numbers CSO2017-86474-R and CSO2014-55780-C3-2-P (National Plan for Research, Development and Innovation, Spain) (MINECO/AEI/ERDF, EU)]

Wage differences in the hospitality sector

The article examines the origin of differences between wages in the hospitality sector and the rest of the private sector in Spain. The evidence obtained for the 2002–2010 period shows that the wage disadvantage of hospitality presents an increasing profile along the wage distribution so that it is particularly relevant for those earning comparatively higher salaries. In contrast with other low-wage sectors, lower wages in hospitality are explained almost entirely by the specific characteristics of its workers and jobs (particularly their lower educational qualifications and their higher presence in low-skilled occupations), and not by the existence of lower rewards to those characteristics. Highly qualified individuals are however an exception since they suffer a wage penalty for working in the sector. Furthermore the analysis shows that pay inequality is substantially lower in the hospitality sector and that it is not due to the relative characteristics of its workers and jobs.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under Grants CSO2011-29943-C03-02 and CSO2014-55780-C3-2-P (National R&D&I Plan)

The Work of Women in Marine Environments: Merchant Navy and Fishery

[Resumo] Aínda que a igualdade de xénero se establece como unha prioridade no marco lexislativo de todos os países que conforman a Unión Europea, a prevalencia dos estereotipos sociais que asignan un determinado rol a homes e mulleres dificulta de xeito substancial a súa consecución. A maioría das mulleres que pertencen ao sector pesqueiro realizan o seu labor en terra –marisqueo, acuicultura ou transformación– e están infrarrepresentadas na pesca extractiva con embarcación (0,5%). No caso da mariña mercante obsérvase unha escasa representación: aproximadamente un 7% do total das mulleres mariñas, fronte a un 42% do total dos homes mariños, un desfase que parece provir do rol tradicional que se lle asigna á muller na familia. Neste traballo avalíase a situación das mulleres que se dedican profesionalmente ao sector marítimo, tanto mercante como pesqueiro. Ademais, analízase a representación feminina e as dificultades de acceso e ascenso na carreira profesional das mulleres no caso da mariña mercante.[Abstract] Although gender equality is established as a priority in the legislative framework of all the countries that form the European Union, the prevalence of social stereotypes that assign a certain role to men and women impedes their attainment in a substantial way. Most of the women who belong to the fishing sector realize their labour on land - shell fishing, fish farming or transformation -, and are underrepresented in extractive fishing with craft (0.5%). In the case of the Merchant Navy a scanty representation is observed: approximately 7% of the total of marine women, as opposed to 42% of the total of marine men. This gap seems to come from the traditional role that is assigned to women in the family. In the present work, the situation of the women who devote themselves professionally to the maritime sector, both merchant and fishing, is evaluated. In addition, their representation and difficulties of access and promotion in the professional career in the case of the Merchant Navy is analysed

Analysis of university student employment and its impact on academic performance

Introducción. La investigación tiene dos objetivos: caracterizar a los estudiantes universitarios que simultanean trabajo y estudios y el tipo de trabajo que desempeñan, por un lado, y analizar el efecto que tiene trabajar sobre distintas medidas de su rendimiento académico, por otro. Método. El análisis se desarrolla a partir de información individual procedente de una encuesta (N=464) combinada con registros universitarios. Se han estimado modelos en los que se consideran distintas medidas del desempeño académico y en los que se controla por un amplio conjunto de factores (incluyendo características socioeconómicas así como medidas de motivación y de esfuerzo académico), distinguiendo entre distintos niveles de intensidad de la actividad laboral. Las técnicas usadas han sido la regresión logística, mínimos cuadrados ordinarios y variables instrumentales. Resultados. Se confirma, en primer lugar, que una proporción significativa de los estudiantes universitarios españoles simultanea los estudios con un trabajo remunerado, siendo muy frecuente que trabajen de forma habitual durante periodos prolongados. Se observa, además, que es frecuente que quienes trabajan lo hagan motivados por necesidad y en tareas no relacionadas con el contenido de sus estudios, y que la propensión a trabajar es mayor entre los estudiantes de mayor edad, los extranjeros y los de mayor motivación. En segundo lugar, los resultados obtenidos sugieren que, en contraste con la propia percepción manifestada por los estudiantes, trabajar regularmente no tiene aparentemente un impacto significativo en sus resultados académicos. Conclusión. El estudio añade evidencia sobre un tema relevante pero muy escasamente analizado en el caso español, sobre el que ni la teoría ni los estudios empíricos previos sobre casos internacionales ofrecen resultados concluyentes. Los resultados son útiles para la consideración que el desempeño de una actividad laboral debe recibir en el diseño de los itinerarios seguidos por los estudiantes universitarios.Introduction. The research has two objectives: to characterise college students who combine work and studies, and their jobs, on one hand; and to analyse the effect of work on various measures of academic performance, on the other. Method. The study is developed using individual information derived from a survey (N=464) and from university records. We have estimated models that consider diverse measures of academic performance and control for a wide set of factors (including socio-economic characteristics and diverse measures of motivation and academic effort), distinguishing between different levels of intensity in the labour activity. The techniques used are logistic regression, ordinary least squares and instrumental variables. Results. The evidence obtained confirms, first, that a noticeable proportion of Spanish university students have a paid job, and often work regularly for extended periods. It also is common for those who work to do so motivated by necessity, and to perform tasks unrelated to the content of their studies. Moreover, the likelihood of working is higher among older students, foreigners and those who have higher levels of motivation. Secondly, the results suggest that, in contrast to the perceptions expressed by students, working regularly does not appear to have a significant impact on their academic performance. Conclusion. The article provides additional evidence on a very relevant issue that has however received very little attention in the Spanish case and for which neither theoretical studies nor previous empirical research have reached conclusive results. The article provides useful support for the consideration of employment-related issues in the designing of the itineraries followed by university students.El presente trabajo se enmarca en el seno del Programa de Redes de investigación en docencia universitaria del Vicerrectorado de Calidad e Innovación Educativa-Instituto de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Alicante (convocatoria 2015-16), ref.: 3478. Además, los autores desean hacer constar su agradecimiento a la financiación recibida del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad en el marco del Plan Estatal de I+D+i, ref. CSO2014-55780-C3-2-P

¿Estudias o trabajas? Actividad laboral de los estudiantes universitarios españoles

La investigación examina, con carácter novedoso para España, las características relativas de los estudiantes universitarios que simultanean trabajo y estudios, así como el efecto potencial de trabajar sobre su rendimiento académico, a partir de una base de datos que combina datos individuales procedentes de una encuesta con otros obtenidos de registros universitarios. Los resultados muestran, por un lado, que la probabilidad de trabajar es mayor entre los estudiantes de mayor edad, los no nacionales y los que presentan una mayor motivación mientras que, por el contrario, ni el sexo, el nivel educativo de los padres o el nivel de renta del hogar resultan significativos en los modelos estimados mediante técnicas econométricas de elección discreta. Por su parte, los resultados obtenidos a partir de la estimación mediante técnicas de regresión de modelos en los que se consideran distintas medidas del logro académico sugieren que, en contraste con la propia percepción manifestada por los estudiantes en la encuesta, trabajar regularmente no tiene en general un impacto significativo en sus resultados académicos. Se comprueba, finalmente, que la duración de la jornada de trabajo tampoco influye significativamente en ninguna de las medidas del logro académico de quienes trabajan