The Beatles in Spain: The Contribution of Beat Music and Ye-yés to the (Subtle) Musical, Cultural and Political Openness of General Franco’s Regime in the 1960s

From the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, the impact of American twist and rock'n'roll and British beat music, the Eurovision Song Contest, the considerable growth of the national record industry, the number of radio stations and the (still timid) deployment of nationwide TV gave rise in Spain to the development of the ye-yé fashion amongst the young Spanish population. This was accompanied by the development of a mild feeling of rebellion and critical spirit against the traditional conservative/Catholic status quo and the conventional mores of the previous generation. Indeed, from 1964-65 onwards dozens of Beatle-like bands imitated the Beatles' rhythms, language, image, poses, fashion and song lyrics. The two live performances of the Beatles in Madrid and Barcelona in 1965 disseminated their popularity even further in Franco's Spain. English became the lingua franca of modernity, of international tourism and of the new musical genres. In this Anglophile context, Beatlemania was to exert a relatively gentle influence on the social and political Spanish scenario of the decade and contributed to preparing the path to the country's democratization in the late 1970s

EarlyTwentieth-Century America Travelers and Art Deal ers of the Spanish Artistic and Historical Heritage

In this article, I analyze the unorthodox activities carried out by the American travelers and art dealers Arthur Byne and his wife Mildred Stanley Byne in their search for artistic treasures in Spain during the first third of the twentiethcentury. Whilsttheyplundered, Mr.and Mrs.Byne published a number of quality works on Spanish art, all of them profusely illustrated with photographs and maps. This article sets out to contrast their travel writing with theirpredatory endeavor in Spain. The Bynes took advantage of the backwardness and the political weakness of Spain, its institutional and ecclesiastical corruption and the poverty of the common peopleto carry outtheir looting activitieseasily. Their literary production between 1914 and 1924 began by being purely descriptive analyses of Spain’s artistic heritage, but gradually evolved into more personal travel accounts on the country (1925-26). However, behind the strategy of showing their willingness to promote foreign cultural tourism in Spain and the encouragement of tourists’ in situvisits to the sites described in their works, theByneswere stealthilylooting the Spanish artistic treasure to sell it in the USA, apracticethat they successfully managedto disguise in their travel writing.En este artículo analizo las actividades poco ortodoxas llevadas a cabo por los viajeros y marchantes estadounidenses Arthur Byne y su esposa Mildred Stanley Byne en su búsqueda de tesoros artísticos en España durante el primer tercio del siglo XX. Simultáneamente a su saqueo artístico, los Byne publicaron una serie de valiosas obras sobre arte español, todas ellas profusamente ilustradas con fotografías y mapas. Pongo aquí en contraste su escritura de viajes con su actividad depredadora en España. Los Bynese aprovecharon del atraso y la debilidad política de España, de su corrupción institucional y eclesiástica y de la pobreza del pueblo llano para llevar a cabo sus actividades de saqueo. Su producción literaria entre 1914 y 1924, que comenzó siendo un análisis puramente descriptivo del patrimonio artístico español, fue gradualmente evolucionando hacia el relato de viajes más personal por el país (1925-26). Sin embargo, tras la estrategia de sus intentos de promover el turismo cultural extranjero en España y de fomentar las visitas in situ de los turistas a los lugares descritos en sus obras, los Byne estaban despojando sigilosamente el tesoro artístico español para venderlo en los EE. UU., práctica que con consiguieron disimular durante la redacción de sus narraciones de viajes

Antonio Garrido Domínguez. Mujeres viajeras recorren la Andalucía del siglo XIX. Ronda: Editorial La Serranía, 2011

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El tricornio de la Guardia Civil como símbolo literario en los relatos de viajeros de habla inglesa del siglo XX

This presence in English literary texts of the hat worn by the Spanish Guardia Civil, known in Spanish as the ‘tricornio’, had its beginnings in the form of mere descriptions. It began as an item of clothing that was difficult to ‘apprehend’ (a ‘three-cornered hat’ or a ‘cocked hat’), but these visual perceptions gradually started to take on subtle shades of meaning and a significance which varied with the historical circumstances and the individual travellers, especially during the 20th century. Its descriptions were complemented in time with varying adjectives, personal impressions and more or less bizarre interpretations as to its origin and purpose, namely: its usefulness in allowing the civil guards to lean against the wall and therefore catch criminals more easily; its poor role as protector against the rain but its success as a protector of the civil guard’s ears; its connection with the Peninsular War, Napoleon or Goya, or to the French Gendarmerie; its archaism; its similarity to the hats of funfair puppets and comic operas, etc. Indeed, the constant presence of the ‘cocked hat’ in the Spanish literary landscape in the eyes of Anglophone travellers is of the utmost relevance when endeavouring to understand contemporary Spain.La presencia en la literatura en lengua inglesa del sombrero de la Guardia Civil, más conocido popularmente como ‘tricornio’, empezó mediante una mera descripción visual de una prenda difícil de ‘aprehender’ (‘three-cornered hat’ o ‘cocked hat’) y se fue paulatinamente cargando de significado y matices, variables según la época y el viajero, sobre todo durante el siglo XX. Se fue complementando con el tiempo con variable adjetivación, numerosas impresiones personales del viajero e interpretaciones más o menos rocambolescas sobre su origen o uso: referencias a su utilidad para permitir a los guardias pegarse a la pared y así atrapar a los malhechores; su escaso valor como protector de la lluvia pero su utilidad para proteger las orejas de su portador; su vinculación con la guerra de Independencia, con Napoleón o Goya, con la Gendarmería francesa; su arcaísmo; su parecido a los gorros de los monigotes de feria u operetas, etc. La presencia constante del ‘tricornio’ en el paisaje literario español según los viajeros anglófonos resulta valiosa para entender la España contemporánea

Short message multichannel broadcast encryption

The current use of short messages in wireless networks is highly growing. Messaging applications in mobile terminals with wireless coverage are very common in shopping, educational and transport centers, i.e. in centers of massive influx of people. This requires improving its efficiency, without losing security in such a hostile environment. In this paper, we propose an improvement in the use of the medium through a new multichannel broadcast encryption paradigm. Firstly, we rigorously demonstrate the security of our model that is characterized by two main issues: short messages and maintaining privacy in a shared frame. The improvements are obtained by reducing the transmitted overheads, saving bandwidth and airtime. To implement them, we improve the efficiency of communications, reducing the security headers to a single one, which will be shared by all receivers, while the payload is multiplexed via Chinese Remainder Theorem. In this way we reduce the packet length (less headers) and set the ratio of the encrypted text/plaintext equals to one, if we do not take into account padding and security headers. Although the model can be used by all types of networks, both wired and wireless, the improvement is more noticeable in the latter type. To make it remarkable, we quantify what this gain will consist of

A refraction/wide-angle reflection seismic profile through the Iberian Chain: preliminary report

As a result of the Eurasian and African plates convergence, Tertiary intraplate deformation of the Iberian plate gave rise to the basement-involved thrust-system of the Iberian Chain. Subsequently, a crustal thickening beneath the Iberian Chain was produced, as deduced from Bouguer anomaly maps. A very preliminary interpretation of a new seismic profile through the Iberian Chain is presented, which leads us to infer a crustal thickening beneath the central part of the profile, where Moho depths of at least 40 km should be reached

Mejora de la Calidad en Redes WLAN Coordinadas a través de SDWN

[ES] En el presente trabajo se propone una arquitectura capaz de mejorar la calidad de las comunicaciones multimedia en redes WLAN coordinadas, mediante la utilización de SDN (Software Defined Networks). Para esto se requiere que dichas soluciones SDN sean adaptadas para poder identificar los parámetros propios de las redes Wi-Fi, tales como interferencias, movilidad, selección de canales, etc. y sean capaces de abordar los problemas derivados de los requerimientos de calidad de las estaciones que comparten la misma red inalámbrica.Este trabajo ha sido financiado parcialmente por la Comisión Europea a través del Proyecto Wi5 (H2020 G.A. no 644262), por la DGA y el fondo social europeo a través de CeNITEQ, y por el Gobierno de España a través del proyecto TISFIBE (TIN2015-64770-R).Fernández Navajas, J.; Sequeira Villarreal, L.; Ruiz Mas, J.; Saldaña Medina, JM. (2018). Mejora de la Calidad en Redes WLAN Coordinadas a través de SDWN. En XIII Jornadas de Ingeniería telemática (JITEL 2017). Libro de actas. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 148-151. https://doi.org/10.4995/JITEL2017.2017.6564OCS14815

Standardization of the dimensions of a portable weighing lysimeter designed to be applied to vegetable crops in Mediterranean climates

The progress made in developing information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the fact that water resources are becoming increasingly scarce make precision agriculture a very valuable tool for efficient and sustainable crop management, particularly for irrigation and fertilisation. In line with this, the water balance estimate is considered one of the most accurate methods for estimating crops’ water requirements. The Agromotic Engineering and Sea Research Group of the Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (Spain) has worked in this direction to obtain portable weighing lysimeters with improved functions compared to traditional measurement systems. This study analysed the most important vegetable crops in south-eastern Spain to standardise suitable dimensions so that these portable weighing lysimeters can monitor practically all of today’s vegetable and herbaceous crops in Mediterranean climates. The dimensions established for the cultivation tank are 150 cm long, 45 cm wide, and 50 cm deep, with an equipment resolution of up to 0.09 mm expressed as water lamina. The validation over seven irrigation events established that the structural system achieved here allows precise monitoring of the water exchanges produced in the cultivation tank, so this portable weighing lysimeter can be useful for the efficient management of fertigationResearch and development project with reference IDI-20190146, entitled “Development and implementation of a weighing lysimeter ferticontrol equipment for use in intensive agriculture”, in collaboration with the company AGROSOLMEN, S.L., cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through the Spanish Multiregional Operational Programme 2014–2020. Preciriego (RTC-2017-6365-2) project co-financed by FEDER and AEI-Spain