Cuando la mano de obra se subleva estrategias terratenientes durante la reforma agraria chilena (1964-1973)

The object of this article is to describe and analyze the strategies landowners used against mobilized workers in south-central Chile during the agrarian reform. Key aspects analyzed in the development of landowner strategies include the traditional composition of the rural world, the changes occurring in the socio-political panorama over time, as well as workers' unions and landowner organizations. Along with the potential for violence, unusual actions included patron organization unity, a propositional discourse opposing agrarian reform, a search for agreements with the peasant movement, and the establishment of an alliance with higher-level legal and tenant resources. A review of bibliographic, documentary and archival sources offers greater understanding of the reformist period. It has traditionally been conceptualized through a historiographic narrative of interclass struggles and political and labor confrontation but here incorporates variables that include negotiation, coalitions and modernizatio

Extremal coalitions for influence games through swarm intelligence-based methods

An influence game is a simple game represented over an influence graph (i.e., a labeled, weighted graph) on which the influence spread phenomenon is exerted. Influence games allow applying different properties and parameters coming from cooperative game theory to the contexts of social network analysis, decision-systems, voting systems, and collective behavior. The exact calculation of several of these properties and parameters is computationally hard, even for a small number of players. Two examples of these parameters are the length and the width of a game. The length of a game is the size of its smaller winning coalition, while the width of a game is the size of its larger losing coalition. Both parameters are relevant to know the levels of difficulty in reaching agreements in collective decision-making systems. Despite the above, new bio-inspired metaheuristic algorithms have recently been developed to solve the NP-hard influence maximization problem in an efficient and approximate way, being able to find small winning coalitions that maximize the influence spread within an influence graph. In this article, we apply some variations of this solution to find extreme winning and losing coalitions, and thus efficient approximate solutions for the length and the width of influence games. As a case study, we consider two real social networks, one formed by the 58 members of the European Union Council under nice voting rules, and the other formed by the 705 members of the European Parliament, connected by political affinity. Results are promising and show that it is feasible to generate approximate solutions for the length and width parameters of influence games, in reduced solving time"Funding Statement: F. Riquelme has been partially supported by Fondecyt de Iniciación 11200113, Chile, and by the SEGIB scholarship of Fundación Carolina, Spain; X. Molinero under grants PID2019-104987GB-I00 (JUVOCO); M. Serna under grants PID2020-112581GB-C21 (MOTION) and 2017-SGR-786 (ALBCOM)"Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Adenovirus-mediated suppression of hypothalamic glucokinase affects feeding behavior

Glucokinase (GK), the hexokinase involved in glucosensing in pancreatic β-cells, is also expressed in arcuate nucleus (AN) neurons and hypothalamic tanycytes, the cells that surround the basal third ventricle (3V). Several lines of evidence suggest that tanycytes may be involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Tanycytes have extended cell processes that contact the feeding-regulating neurons in the AN, particularly, agouti-related protein (AgRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. In this study, we developed an adenovirus expressing GK shRNA to inhibit GK expression in vivo. When injected into the 3V of rats, this adenovirus preferentially transduced tanycytes. qRT-PCR and Western blot assays confirmed GK mRNA and protein levels were lower in GK knockdown animals compared to the controls. In response to an intracerebroventricular glucose injection, the mRNA levels of anorexigenic POMC and CART and orexigenic AgRP and NPY neuropeptides were altered in GK knockdown animals. Similarly, food intake, meal duration, frequency of eating events and the cumulative eating time were increased, whereas the intervals between meals were decreased in GK knockdown rats, suggesting a decrease in satiety. Thus, GK expression in the ventricular cells appears to play an important role in feeding behavior.Fil: Uranga, Romina Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Millán, Carola. Universidad de Concepción; Chile. Universidad Adolfo Ibañez; ChileFil: Barahona, María José. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Recabal, Antonia. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Salgado, Magdiel. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Martinez, Fernando. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Ordenes, Patricio. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Elizondo Vega, Roberto. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Sepúlveda, Fernando. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Uribe, Elena. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: García Robles, María de los Ángeles. Universidad de Concepción; Chil

Natamycin versus voriconazole for fungal keratitis

INTRODUCCIÓN La queratitis infecciosa de origen fúngico afecta principalmente a personas de países tropicales y subtropicales, y constituye una importante causa de ceguera prevenible. Los antifúngicos tópicos, en particular la natamicina y el voriconazol, se consideran efectivos, pero no está claro cuál de ellos constituye la mejor alternativa de tratamiento. MÉTODOS Realizamos una búsqueda en Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante el cribado de múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, analizamos los datos de los estudios primarios, realizamos un metanálisis y preparamos una tabla de resumen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES Identificamos tres revisiones sistemáticas que en conjunto incluyeron tres estudios primarios, todos correspondientes a ensayos aleatorizados. Concluimos que natamicina probablemente se asocia a mejor agudeza visual tras la infección, y que previene la perforación corneal y/o la necesidad de realizar queratoplastia terapéutica en comparación a voriconazol en queratitis fúngica

Relaxant effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of Ruta graveolens on isolated rat tracheal rings

BACKGROUND: Ruta graveolens L. (R. graveolens) is a medicinal plant employed in non-traditional medicines that has various therapeutic properties, including anthelmintic, and vasodilatory actions, among others. We evaluated the trachea-relaxant effects of hydroalcoholic extract of R. graveolens against potassium chloride (KCl)- and carbachol-induced contraction of rat tracheal rings in an isolated organ bath. RESULTS: The results showed that the airway smooth muscle contraction induced by the depolarizing agent (KCl) and cholinergic agonist (carbachol) was markedly reduced by R. graveolens in a concentration-dependent manner, with maximum values of 109 ± 7.9 % and 118 ± 2.6 %, respectively (changes in tension expressed as positive percentages of change in proportion to maximum contraction), at the concentration of 45 μg/mL (half-maximal inhibitory concentration IC50: 35.5 μg/mL and 27.8 μg/mL for KCl- and carbachol-induced contraction, respectively). Additionally, the presence of R. graveolens produced rightward parallel displacement of carbachol dose-response curves and reduced over 35 % of the maximum smooth muscle contraction. CONCLUSIONS: The hydroalcoholic extract of R. graveolens exhibited relaxant activity on rat tracheal rings. The results suggest that the trachea-relaxant effect is mediated by a non-competitive antagonistic mechanism. More detailed studies are needed to identify the target of the inhibition, and to determine more precisely the pharmacological mechanisms involved in the observed biological effects

Nivel de responsabilidad social corporativa con la fidelidad de los clientes del servicio asistencial odontológico en tiempos de pandemia

Debido a que en el área de la salud son pocos los estudios que vinculan a esta con la fidelidad de los clientes en el contexto latinoamericano. Se examinó el nivel de responsabilidad social corporativa con la fidelidad de los clientes del servicio asistencial odontológico en tiempos de pandemia. Instrumento aplicado a 323 pacientes de la Clínica Odontológica. Se aplicó un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio a través del software de código abierto y libre distribución. Se obtuvo un Alfa Ordina de 0.996 y 0.922, mostrando que el modelo presentado es adecuado. Los pacientes dan prioridad a su compromiso emocional, sentimental con la institución, siendo la principal variable, seguida de la relación de interdependencia que le dan entre ellos y la Institución. Se presentó de manera exitosa la realización de un AFE para medir y hallar las variables latentes en el estudio definido para el presente trabajo, los resultados numéricos, propios del método multivariante han indicado su adecuación y capacidad de explicación de la idoneidad de su utilización, con valores de bondad de ajuste, y confiabilidad que cumplen las exigencias para su aplicabilidad. En el caso presentado, los resultados del AFE confirman que para la clínica en estudio en tiempos de pandemia sólo dos variables latentes son importantes para comprender la relación de los pacientes con la clínica, siendo estas el Factor 1: Compromiso relacional y el Factor 2: Valor relacional de interdependencia

Psicopedagogía, creatividad y conflicto: una mirada desde la acción comunitaria

Tesis (Psicopedagogo, Licenciado en Educación)Basándonos en el objetivo general que nos planteamos, el cual es "reconocer a la creatividad como una oportunidad para abordar de forma útil, desde la Psicopedagogía, los conflictos" dividimos el marco teórico en tres temas fundamentales. En primer lugar, se abordó la Psicopedagogía. Se hizo un acercamiento histórico de ella para así poder conocer sus orígenes y desarrollo. De acuerdo a esto, se habla acerca del rol Psicopedagógico, cuáles son los objetivos que tiene que cumplir, cuáles son sus competencias y áreas de trabajo. Es así como planteamos el tema de la Psicopedagogía en los espacios extra - escuela para, de esta forma, conocer cuál es el rol que se encuentran cumpliendo los psicopedagogos hoy y/o cuál es el que debieran cumplir. Después de definir el primer tema, qmsimos indagar sobre la creatividad por ser un tema actual, necesario y contingente. Para esto realizamos una revisión bibliográfica sobre su historia, sus características y recursos. Se quiso conocer cuáles son los pensamientos que influyen en su funcionamiento y cuáles son sus limitaciones. Igualmente, desde el punto de vista que la creatividad es un fenómeno social, se abordó el tema de la Sociocreatividad y la importancia que tiene ésta en la educación y en la vida en general. Con respecto al conflicto quisimos acercamos de manera amplia, para así conocer de qué forma la Psicopedagogía lo puede abordar. Para esto investigamos sobre los modelos de conflictos, qué o quiénes lo causan y cómo éstos son vistos. También, quisimos averiguar las formas en que se abordan y si es, necesariamente, algo negativo o si puede ser de utilidad para quienes lo viven. Presentamos, también el cuestionario que se le aplicó a un número determinado de personas que se relacionan con el quehacer de la Psicopedagogía. La información contenida en él fue graficada y analizada de forma que, clara y evidentemente, se pueda rescatar las opiniones que en él se emitieron. Ya que nuestro Seminario de Grado propone el uso de la creatividad, quisimos innovar al presentarlo de la forma que lo hacemos, en cuanto a utilizar una diagramación horizontal

Phospholipase D from Loxosceles laeta Spider Venom Induces IL-6, IL-8, CXCL1/GRO-α, and CCL2/MCP-1 Production in Human Skin Fibroblasts and Stimulates Monocytes Migration

Cutaneous loxoscelism envenomation by Loxosceles spiders is characterized by the development of a dermonecrotic lesion, strong inflammatory response, the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, and leukocyte migration to the bite site. The role of phospholipase D (PLD) from Loxosceles in the recruitment and migration of monocytes to the envenomation site has not yet been described. This study reports on the expression and production profiles of cytokines and chemokines in human skin fibroblasts treated with catalytically active and inactive recombinant PLDs from Loxosceles laeta (rLlPLD) and lipid inflammatory mediators ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and the evaluation of their roles in monocyte migration. Recombinant rLlPLD1 (active) and rLlPLD2 (inactive) isoforms induce interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, CXCL1/GRO-α, and CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression and secretion in fibroblasts. Meanwhile, C1P and LPA only exhibited a minor effect on the expression and secretion of these cytokines and chemokines. Moreover, neutralization of both enzymes with anti-rLlPLD1 antibodies completely inhibited the secretion of these cytokines and chemokines. Importantly, conditioned media from fibroblasts, treated with rLlPLDs, stimulated the transmigration of THP-1 monocytes. Our data demonstrate the direct role of PLDs in chemotactic mediator synthesis for monocytes in human skin fibroblasts and indicate that inflammatory processes play an important role during loxoscelism

Humoral Immune Response of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac Vaccinations in Hemodialysis Patients: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort

The CoronaVac vaccine is the most used anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine worldwide. Previous data indicate that this vaccine produces a lower immune response than RNA vaccines such as BNT162b2. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have an increased rate of COVID-19 and a reduced immune response to vaccinations. Currently, there is little data on this population’s immune response induced by CoronaVac. Methods: This study involved a prospective cohort of ESRD patients in chronic hemodialysis who received a two-dose immunization scheme of either CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech) or BNT162b2 vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech). We measured the plasma levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. We determined antibody titers before immunization, 2 and 4 months after two doses, plus 4 months after a booster dose. Results: We evaluated 208 patients in three hemodialysis centers. The mean age was 62.6 ± 15.6 years, of whom 91 were female (41.75%). Eighty-one patients (38.94%) received the BNT162b2 vaccine and 127 (61.06%) received the CoronaVac vaccine. Patients who received the BNT162b2 vaccine had a higher humoral response compared to those who received the CoronaVac vaccine (4 months after the second dose: BNT162b2: 88.89%, CoronaVac: 51.97%, p p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results suggest that the CoronaVac vaccine induced a lower humoral response than the BNT162b2 vaccine in ESRD patients on hemodialysis