Evaluación de la fertilización convencional y de liberación controlada, sobre la calidad de plantas de jagua (Genipa americana L.) en vivero

Objective: Select the type and dose of fertilizer suitable for the best quality, highest accumulation of dry biomass and photosynthetic rate in plants of G. americana L. during the nursery stage. Design/methodology/approach: A completely randomized experimental design with four repetitions was used. The plants were evaluated for a period of three months in nursery, for which at 20 days of age they were transplanted in 310 cm3 polyethylene tubes using a substrate composed of vermiculite, perlite and peat, which was mixed with Conventional fertilizer (CF) Triple 17 (17N-17P-17K) in doses of 3.3 (low), 6.6 (medium) and 10 kg * m-3 (high), and Osmocote® controlled release fertilizer (CRF) (15N-9P -12K), in doses of 10 (low), 20 (medium) and 30 kg * m-3 (high), plus a control without fertilization. The variables were measured: neck diameter, height, root length, aerial and radical biomass, robustness index (IR), biometric proportionality index (IPB), Dickson quality index (ICD) and photosynthetic rate. The averages were compared by the Tukey test at a 5% confidence level. Results: The plants of G. americana L. fertilized with Osmocote® in its three doses (high, medium and low) showed the highest growth in all morphological variables; in IR the Osmocote® generated plants of better quality than the control, the IPB only the high dose of Osmocote® was different from the control although it is considered of lower quality; and in the ICD the low and medium doses were better than the control since they are considered of better quality; the photosynthetic rate was better with the application of Osmocote® fertilizer in all its doses than Triple 17 and the control. Limitations on study/implications: The low dose (10 kg * m-3) of the Osmocote® fertilizer presents a good option to generate plants of G. americana L. since it did not show differences with the high dose, however nutritional deficiencies will be noticed after three months after of the transplant. Findings/conclusions: With the application of the Osmocote® controlled-release fertilizer in its three doses, plants of G. americana L. are obtained with better morphological attributes, greater biomass accumulation and photosynthetic rate than with the application of the conventional Triple 17 fertilizer.Objetivo: Seleccionar el tipo y dosis de fertilizante adecuado para obtener la mejor calidad, mayor acumulación de biomasa seca y tasa fotosintética en plantas de G. americana L. durante la etapa de vivero. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se empleó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Las plantas fueron evaluadas por un periodo de tres meses en vivero, para los cual a los 20 días de edad fueron trasplantadas en tubetes de polietileno de 310 cm3 de capacidad utilizando un sustrato compuesto de vermiculita, perlita y turba, el cual se mezcló con fertilizante convencional (FC) Triple 17 (17N-17P-17K) en dosis de 3.3 (baja), 6.6 (media) y 10 kg*m-3 (alta), y fertilizante de liberación controlada (FLC) Osmocote® (15N-9P-12K), en dosis de 10 (baja), 20 (media) y 30 kg*m-3 (alta), más un testigo sin fertilización. Se midieron las variables: diámetro del cuello, altura, longitud de raíces, biomasa aérea y radical, índice de robustez (IR), índice de proporcionalidad biométrica (IPB), índice de calidad de Dickson (ICD) y tasa fotosintética. Las medias fueron comparadas por la prueba de Tukey a un nivel del 5% de confianza. Resultados: Las plantas de G. americana L. fertilizadas con Osmocote® en sus tres dosis (alta, media y baja) presentaron el mejor desempeño en todas las variables morfológicas; en IR el Osmocote® generó plantas de mejor calidad que el testigo, en el IPB la dosis alta de Osmocote® fue de menor calidad que le testigo; y en el ICD las dosis baja y media resultaron ser mejores en calidad que el testigo; la tasa fotosintética fue mejor con la aplicación del fertilizante Osmocote® en todas sus dosis , respecto al fertilizante Triple 17 y al testigo. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: La dosis baja (10 kg*m-3) del fertilizante Osmocote® presenta una buena opción para generar plantas de G. americana L. ya que no presentó diferencias con la dosis alta, sin embargo se notar deficiencias nutrimentales a partir de los tres meses después del trasplante. Hallazgos/conclusiones: Con la aplicación del fertilizante de liberación controlada Osmocote®, en sus tres dosis, se lograron obtener plantas de G. americana L. con mejores atributos morfológicos, mayor acumulación de biomasa y tasa fotosintética, respecto a la aplicación del fertilizante convencional Triple 17

Current and Potential Use of Timber and Non-timber Resources of the Cacao Agroforestry Systems

The cocoa agroforestry system (Cocoa-AFS) is a source of forest and forest non-timber resources. Forest timber resources (FTR) provide society with timber products. The most common uses for trees from the cocoa-AFS are shade for cocoa, firewood, medicinal, timber, fence posts, tool handles, ornamental, and supports and roofing for houses. Forest non-timber resources (FNTR) are those plant and animal products and services that can be obtained from the system. These resources include fruits, medicinal plants, ornamental plants, honey, and many others. Worldwide, FNTR may be the only source of personal income or food for the inhabitants of marginalized areas. Cocoa cultivation faces problems of low production and low prices. These problems induce growers to left-hand or to reduce their cocoa-AFS. Such reduction means the loss of FTR and FNTR that could complement grower incomes from the sale of cocoa. In this paper, we documented the forest tree species and determined the timber volume in cocoa-AFS in the municipality of Cardenas, Tabasco, Mexico. In addition, we determined and quantified the current use of FTR and FNTR. The emphasis of FNTR was on the associated flora and the stored carbon on aboveground biomass as environmental services by the shadow trees

Root length density (RLD) of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) in a haplic Luvisol in Chiapas, Mexico

The tight relationship between root architecture and uptake capacity of soil water and minerals, is well established. Support roots, generally long-lived, perform support functions such as transportation and food storage. Absorbing roots, thin and short-lived, absorb nutrients and regulate plant metabolism. Roots distribution in the soil profile is crucial for plant development. It optimizes resource usage and ensures a prompt response to seasonal changes. This work aimed to study the vertical distribution of the root system of nine-year-old oil palms in a haplic Luvisol, low fertility, moderately acidic, with Nitrogen (N) and Potassium (K) deficiency, average content of Phosphorous (P), and medium to low Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). Using the cylinder method, soil samples were collected every 10 cm and down to 150 cm of soil depth, from each cardinal side of three soil profiles. The results showed that oil palms had good root development. Most roots (73%) were found in the first 30 cm of soil, with a predominance of fine roots (78%). At 50 cm in depth, fine roots represented 88%, thin roots, 67% and medium roots, 94%. Further study should assess root length density at 15, 20, 25, and 30 years. Highlights - Haplic luvisols are optimal soils for oil palm cultivation due to their depth (> 150cm), over 50% base saturation, and pH of 5.5-6.6. - Root length density (RLD) decreased as soil depth increased. Although most oil palm roots are found in surface horizons, roots can still be found at depths of up to 1.5-5 m. - The highest number of oil palm roots (73%) was found in the first 30 cm, with 78% of fine roots. - Fine roots were distributed throughout the entire soil profile, evidencing  high nutrient-absorption and metabolic activities.The tight relationship between root architecture and uptake capacity of soil water and minerals, is well established. Support roots, generally long-lived, perform support functions such as transportation and food storage. Absorbing roots, thin and short-lived, absorb nutrients and regulate plant metabolism. Roots distribution in the soil profile is crucial for plant development. It optimizes resource usage and ensures a prompt response to seasonal changes. This work aimed to study the vertical distribution of the root system of nine-year-old oil palms in a haplic Luvisol, low fertility, moderately acidic, with Nitrogen (N) and Potassium (K) deficiency, average content of Phosphorous (P), and medium to low Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). Using the cylinder method, soil samples were collected every 10 cm and down to 150 cm of soil depth, from each cardinal side of three soil profiles. The results showed that oil palms had good root development. Most roots (73%) were found in the first 30 cm of soil, with a predominance of fine roots (78%). At 50 cm in depth, fine roots represented 88%, thin roots, 67% and medium roots, 94%. Further study should assess root length density at 15, 20, 25, and 30 years. Highlights - Haplic luvisols are optimal soils for oil palm cultivation due to their depth (> 150cm), over 50% base saturation, and pH of 5.5-6.6. - Root length density (RLD) decreased as soil depth increased. Although most oil palm roots are found in surface horizons, roots can still be found at depths of up to 1.5-5 m. - The highest number of oil palm roots (73%) was found in the first 30 cm, with 78% of fine roots. - fine roots were distributed throughout the entire soil profile, evidencing  high nutrient-absorption and metabolic activities

Elaboración y caracterización nutrimental de abonos orgánicos líquidos en condiciones tropicales

Objective: To characterize the nutritional properties of liquid organic fertilizers (vermicompost tea, organic leachate and biol) made with crop residues from the Chontalpa region. design / methodology: The design for the preparation of liquid organic fertilizers was based on the recommendations issued by FAO. Nutrient estimates were according to the methods of Semi-micro Kjeldahl for N, Vanadio-molybdic for P and digestion with HNO3-HClO4 for K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn. Results: Worm leachate was the one that presented the highest values ??significantly with concentration of major elements NPK with 1.27%, 1.17% and 2.04% respectively, followed by bovine biol with 1.02%, 0.95% and 1.19% of NPK respectively, finally compost tea with the lowest statistically concentrations. In terms of micronutrients such as iron, copper, zinc and manganese, bovine biol presented the highest contents. Limitations / implications: The chemical composition of liquid organic fertilizers depends on the quality of the organic matter with which they were made and their preparation form either aerobic or anaerobic. Findings / conclusions: The leachate of earthworm and biol are the fertilizers that presented the highest concentration of nutrients, concluding that bovine biol is the fastest, most economical and profitable way to use it in agriculture.Objetivo: Caracterizar las propiedades nutrimentales de los abonos orgánicos líquidos (té de vermicompost, lixiviados orgánicos de vermicompost y biol) elaborados con residuos de cultivos de la región de la Chontalpa. Diseño / metodología: el diseño para la elaboración de los abonos orgánicos líquidos fue basado conforme a las recomendaciones emitidas por la FAO. las estimaciones de los nutrientes fueron conforme a los métodos de Semi-micro Kjeldahl para N, Vanadio-molibdico para P y por digestión con HNO3-HClO4 para K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn y Mn). Resultados: Los lixiviados de vermicompost fueron lo que presentaron los valores más altos significativamente con concentración de elementos mayores N, P y K con 1.27%, 1.17% y 2.04%, respectivamente, seguido del biol de bovino con 1.02%, 0.95% y 1.19% de N, P y K respectivamente, finalmente el té de vermicompost con las concentraciones más bajas estadísticamente. En cuanto a micronutrientes como hierro, cobre, zinc y manganeso, el biol de bovino presentó los contenidos más altos. Limitaciones / implicaciones: la composición química de los abonos orgánicos líquidos depende de la calidad de la materia orgánica con la que fueron elaborados y su forma de preparación ya sea de forma aeróbica o anaeróbica. Hallazgos/ conclusiones: Los lixiviados de vermicompost y biol son los abonos que presentaron mayor concentración de nutrientes, concluyendo que el biol de bovino es la forma más rápida, económica y rendidora para su uso en la agricultura

Fertilidad edáfica y nutrición en el cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en tres suelos de Tabasco, México

El cacao es un cultivo tradicional en el sur de México, que exhibe baja productividad debido a limitantes edáficas y de nutrición, por lo que el objetivo de la investigación fue diagnosticar la fertilidad edáfica y contenido nutrimental de las plantaciones de cacao, en los principales grupos de suelos cultivados en la Chontalpa, principal zona productora de Tabasco, para identificar las variables del suelo y nutrimentales que restringen la productividad del cultivo. Mediante análisis de imágenes satelitales, se seleccionaron sitios de muestreos en suelos representativos del área de estudio y se geoposicionaron las coordenadas para ubicarlos. Se describieron perfiles de suelos para clasificar los suelos de los sitios de estudio, y se colectaron muestras de suelos a las profundidades de 0-10, 10-30 y 30-50 cm, para determinar variables indicadoras de la fertilidad del suelo. En árboles productores se colectaron muestras foliares para determinar las concentraciones de macronutrientes. Los resultados indican que las plantaciones se cultivan sobre Vertisols, Cambisols y Fluvisols, que no presentan restricciones en la mayoría de las propiedades edáficas. Sin embargo, debido a la baja relación C/N (< 12) de los suelos, hay una disminución en los contenidos de MO y N, que se suman a un déficit de K, que provocan bajas concentraciones de ambos macronutrientes en el follaje de las plantas. Se concluye que las principales restricciones edáficas que pueden afectar al cultivo del cacao en la Chontalpa son la rápida pérdida de MO y déficit de N y K en el suelo, que provocan bajas concentraciones de ambos nutrientes en el follaje de los árboles

Efecto de Arachis pintoi sobre las arvenses asociadas al plátano macho (Musa AAB ), Cárdenas, Tabasco, México.

Este experimento se realizó en Cárdenas, Tabasco, Méxicoen un suelo con textura franca, pH moderadamente ácido, contenido de materia orgánica y nitrógeno total bajo, cultivado con plátano macho, con el objetivo de determinar el control de arvenses con A. pintoi en una plantación de plátano macho. Se utilizó un arreglo factoria l alojado en un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con sombreado y tip o de cobertura vegetal asocia da al plátano como factores, con tres repeticiones (octubre 2008-agosto 2009). Tanto el factor sombreado como el factor cobertura tuvieron dos niveles de porcentaje: 45 (s= ±11,1) y 50 (s= ± 13,2)% de sombra, para suelos con arvenses y, con A. pintoi, respectivamente. Se utilizaron los índices de Shannon-Wiever (H´) y similitud de Sörensen (S) para determinar la riqueza de especies. A los once meses despuésde establecido el experimento los valores de H´ no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, S= 0,8 entre los dos niveles de sombra. Las especie s arvenses dominantes fueron: T. triangulare, S. podophylum, P. paniculatum y C.diffusa. Entre los tratamie ntos probados, el de suelo con arvensesa nivel de 50% de sombra fue el que presentó (p=0,05) mayor producción MS (375,3 ± 83,3 g/m2). La MS producida por A. pintoi fue mayor (p=0,05) con 45% (s= ± 11,1) desombra (198 g/m2) que la producida a 50% (s= ± 13,2) sombra(150,4 g/m2). Se encontró que el nivel de efectividad de A.pintoi para controlar arvenses fue de 52,3% (con 45 ± 11,1%de sombra) y 70,5% (con 50 ± 13,2% sombra)

Plant quality index of caracolillo (Ormosia macrocalyx Ducke), in nursery stage with controlled release fertilizers

Objective: To evaluate, in a nursery, the effect of two controlled release fertilizers in three concentrations on the growth components and quality index in caracolillo seedlings. Design/methodology/approach: A factorial arrangement (2 x 3) housed in a completely randomized design was used, with seven treatments and twelve repetitions. For three months the growth of caracolillo plants maintained in 310 cm3 polyethylene tubes, with a substrate of peat moss, vermiculite, agrolite and soil (2:1:1:1), plus controlled release fertilizer (FLC) Basacote® 9M (16-8-12) and Multicote® 12M (18-6-12), in three doses each: 10 (low), 20 (medium) and 30 kg m-3 (high), in addition to a control without conventional&nbsp; fertilization (CF) Triple 17 (17N-17P-17K) in doses of 10 kg m-3. The variables height, diameter, leaf number, robustness index (IR), aerial/root dry biomass ratio (R BSA/BSR) and Dickson's quality index (ICD) were measured. The means were compared by Tukey's test at a 5% confidence level.&nbsp; Results: Basacote® and Multicote® fertilizers in low doses allowed an adequate growth and development in caracolillo plants, which was reflected in the variables height, diameter and number of leaves. The IR and ICD indices presented values within the normal ranges, while those of R BSA/BSR were rather low, but in the three cases there were no statistical differences. Study limitations/implications: Based on the results obtained, it is recommended to continue monitoring the studied plants in the field, which would allow adjustments in the initial fertilization doses. Findings/conclusions: The low doses (10 kg m-3) of the controlled release fertilizers Basacote® and Multicote® showed the best results in the growth and development of the snail in the nursery stage, but the IR, R BSA / BSR and ICD indices did not present statistical differences.Objective: To evaluate, in a nursery, the effect of two controlled release fertilizers in three concentrations on the growth components and quality index in caracolillo seedlings. Design/Methodology/Approach: A factorial arrangement (2 x 3) housed in a completely randomized design was used, with seven treatments and twelve repetitions. For three months, the growth of caracolillo plants maintained in 310 cm3 polyethylene tubes, with a substrate of peat moss, vermiculite, agrolite and soil (2:1:1:1), plus controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Basacote® 9M (16-8-12) and Multicote® 12M (18-6-12), in three doses each: 10 (low), 20 (medium) and 30 kg m-3 (high), in addition to a control without conventional fertilization (CF) 17N-17P-17K in doses of 10 kg m-3. The variables height, diameter, leaf number, robustness index (RI), aerial/root dry biomass ratio (ADB/RDB R) and Dickson’s quality index (DQI) were measured. The means were compared by Tukey’s test at a 5% confidence level.  Results: Basacote® and Multicote® fertilizers in low doses allowed an adequate growth and development in caracolillo plants, which was reflected in the variables height, diameter and number of leaves. The RI and DQI indices presented values within the normal ranges, while those of ADB/RDB R were rather low, but in the three cases there were no statistical differences. Study Limitations/Implications: Based on the results obtained, it is recommended to continue monitoring the studied plants in the field, which would allow adjustments in the initial fertilization doses. Findings/Conclusions: The low doses (10 kg m-3) of the controlled release fertilizers Basacote® and Multicote® showed the best results in the growth and development of caracolillo in the nursery stage, but the RI, ADB/RDB R and DQI indices did not present statistical differences

Distribución vertical de raíces en seis agroecosistemas en un acrisol de la sabana de Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México

Objective: We studied the density of length of thin roots (DLRD), less than 6 cm thick, in six agroecosystems that develop in an acid soil characteristic of the Sabana de Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico, an “acahual” was taken as a reference and characterized floristically, identifying 33 species. Design / methodology / approach: A description of a soil profile was made, taking samples from each horizon to perform physical and chemical analyzes. The DRLD was estimated by the monolith method, considering four depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30-40 cm), six samples were taken per agroecosystem. Results: The soil corresponded to a Chromic Acrisol (Loamic, Cutanic, Hyperdystric, Humic). The highest values of DRLD occurred in the first 20 cm, being 67, 69.1, 66.5, 81.4, 82.8 and 77.6% for pineapple, eucalyptus, acacia, rubber, grass and acahual, respectively. It was notorious that from 40 cm of depth the DLRD values decreased considerably in all agroecosystems. 33 plant species were identified Limitations of the study/implications: It is necessary to do more research of the DLRD at greater depth and in other savanna soils to establish clear differences of vertical exploration of the radical biomass. Findings / conclusions: The greatest development of DLRD occurs in the first 20 cm in the six agroecosystems, decreasing considerably according to depth. Grass presented the highest values of DLDR in general there were statistical differences between the first and the rest of the depths. No homogeneity of DLRD was observed in the arboreal agroecosystems in the studied depths.Objetivo: Estudiar la densidad de longitud de raíces delgadas (DLRD), de menos de 6 cm de grosor, en seis agroecosistemas que se desarrollan en un suelo ácido característico de la Sabana de Huimanguillo, Tabasco (México), se tomó como referencia y se caracterizó florísticamente un acahual. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se describió un perfil de suelo tomando muestras de cada horizonte para determinar sus características físicas y químicas. La DRLD se estimó mediante el método del monolito, considerando cuatro profundidades (0-10, 10-20, 20- 30 y 30-40 cm), se tomaron seis muestras por agroecosistema. Resultados: El suelo correspondió a un Chromic Acrisol (Loamic, Cutanic, Hyperdystric, Humic). Los valores más altos de DRL se presentaron en los primeros 20 cm, siendo 67, 69.1, 66.5, 81.4, 82.8 y 77.6% para piña, eucalipto, acacia, hule, pasto y acahual, respectivamente. Fue notorio que a partir de 40 cm de profundidad los valores de DLRD disminuyeron considerablemente en todos los agroecosistemas. Se identificaron 33 especies de plantas. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Es necesario hacer más investigación de la DLRD a mayor profundidad y en otros suelos de sabana para establecer con claridad diferencias de exploración vertical de la biomasa radical. Hallazgos/conclusiones: El mayor desarrollo de DLRD se da en los primeros 20 cm en los seis agroecosistemas, decreciendo considerablemente conforme a la profundidad. Pasto presentó los valores más altos de DLRD y de manera general hubo diferencias estadísticas entre la primera y el resto de las profundidades. No se observó homogeneidad de DLRD en los agroecosistemas arbóreos en las profundidades estudiadas

Densidad radical y tipos de suelos en los que se produce café (Coffea arabica L.) en Chiapas, México

In order to determine fine root length density (RLD) in a Catimor variety coffee plantation in the Custepec area of Concordia, Chiapas, soils were characterized according to slope by three profiles in different physiographic slope positions. The soils were classified and characterized with the World Reference Base for Soil Resource and NOM-021-RECNAT 2000. The vertical and horizontal RLD was determined by randomly selecting three plants for each physiographic position, which were distributed under a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement with three levels: slope position (high, medium and low), two distances to the trunk (50 and 100 cm) and three depths (0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm). In the high, medium and low position of the slope, the soils were classified as Haplic Lixisol (Clayic, Cutanic, Hypereutric), Eutric Sideralic Cambisol (Clayic, Humic) and Haplic Luvisol (Loamic, Cutanic, Hypereutric, Humic), respectively. The soil characteristics in the three positions differ due to erosion, base leaching, argilization and weathering of the clay. The horizontal RLD at the two distances evaluated behaves in a homogeneous way; in each site and each type of soil, the RLD was similar; significant differences were only shown vertically between sites and soil types. The highest concentration of roots, 89.95%, was found with a RLD of 6.97 km m-3 in the first 20 cm of depth.Con el objetivo de determinar la densidad de longitud de raíces (DLR) finas en una plantación de café variedad Catimor en la zona de Custepec en la Concordia, Chiapas, se ubicaron los suelos en función de la pendiente mediante tres perfiles en diferentes posiciones fisiográficas de la pendiente. Los suelos se clasificaron y caracterizaron con la Base Referencial Mundial del Recurso Suelo y la NOM-021-RECNAT 2000. La DLR vertical y horizontal se determinó por medio de la selección aleatoria de tres plantas por cada posición fisiográfica, las cuales se distribuyeron bajo un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial con tres niveles: posición de la pendiente (alta, media y baja), dos distancias al tronco (50 y 100 cm) y tres profundidades (0-20, 20-40 y 40-60 cm). En la posición alta, media y baja de la pendiente los suelos se clasificaron como Haplic Lixisol (Clayic, Cutanic, Hypereutric), Eutric Sideralic Cambisol (Clayic, Humic) y Haplic Luvisol (Loamic, Cutanic, Hypereutric, Humic), respectivamente. Las características del suelo en las tres posiciones difieren, debido a la erosión, lixiviación de bases, argilización e intemperismo de la arcilla. La DLR horizontal a las dos distancias evaluadas se comporta de forma homogénea; en cada sitio y cada tipo de suelo la DLR fue similar, solo presentó diferencias significativas en forma vertical entre sitios y tipos de suelo. La mayor concentración de raíces 89.95% se tuvo con DRL de 6.97 km m-3 en los primeros 20 cm de profundidad