Testing Biochemistry Revisited: How In Vivo Metabolism Can Be Understood from In Vitro Enzyme Kinetics

A decade ago, a team of biochemists including two of us, modeled yeast glycolysis and showed that one of the most studied biochemical pathways could not be quite understood in terms of the kinetic properties of the constituent enzymes as measured in cell extract. Moreover, when the same model was later applied to different experimental steady-state conditions, it often exhibited unrestrained metabolite accumulation

Berry Flesh and Skin Ripening Features in Vitis vinifera as Assessed by Transcriptional Profiling

Background Ripening of fleshy fruit is a complex developmental process involving the differentiation of tissues with separate functions. During grapevine berry ripening important processes contributing to table and wine grape quality take place, some of them flesh- or skin-specific. In this study, transcriptional profiles throughout flesh and skin ripening were followed during two different seasons in a table grape cultivar ‘Muscat Hamburg’ to determine tissue-specific as well as common developmental programs. Methodology/Principal Findings Using an updated GrapeGen Affymetrix GeneChip® annotation based on grapevine 12×v1 gene predictions, 2188 differentially accumulated transcripts between flesh and skin and 2839 transcripts differentially accumulated throughout ripening in the same manner in both tissues were identified. Transcriptional profiles were dominated by changes at the beginning of veraison which affect both pericarp tissues, although frequently delayed or with lower intensity in the skin than in the flesh. Functional enrichment analysis identified the decay on biosynthetic processes, photosynthesis and transport as a major part of the program delayed in the skin. In addition, a higher number of functional categories, including several related to macromolecule transport and phenylpropanoid and lipid biosynthesis, were over-represented in transcripts accumulated to higher levels in the skin. Functional enrichment also indicated auxin, gibberellins and bHLH transcription factors to take part in the regulation of pre-veraison processes in the pericarp, whereas WRKY and C2H2 family transcription factors seems to more specifically participate in the regulation of skin and flesh ripening, respectively. Conclusions/Significance A transcriptomic analysis indicates that a large part of the ripening program is shared by both pericarp tissues despite some components are delayed in the skin. In addition, important tissue differences are present from early stages prior to the ripening onset including tissue-specific regulators. Altogether, these findings provide key elements to understand berry ripening and its differential regulation in flesh and skin.This study was financially supported by GrapeGen Project funded by Genoma España within a collaborative agreement with Genome Canada. The authors also thank The Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion for project BIO2008-03892 and a bilateral collaborative grant with Argentina (AR2009-0021). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewe

Desempenho de três teorias de simulação do comportamento de um trator agrícola em tração

A simulação matemática é uma ferramenta importante na diminuição de custos de produção e viabilização de novos projetos de máquinas agrícolas. Este trabalho trata da comparação entre três teorias de simulação, as chamadas teorias de predição de tração clássicas, desenvolvidas por Wismer, Brixius e Gee-Clough, na simulação do desempenho de um trator agrícola de rodas. Para efetuar uma comparação entre as três teorias e apurar as condições mais apropriadas de uso das mesmas, realizou-se um experimento de campo com um trator de tração simples (4x2), com o controle de um número apreciável de variáveis relevantes, para criar condições de comparação com uma simulação posterior. No trabalho de campo, foram utilizados tratamentos que envolviam a condição do solo, preparado ou consolidado; pneus do tipo diagonal, e a deflexão desse pneu, maior e menor. Utilizando os parâmetros medidos a campo, realizou-se a comparação com os dados simulados para a variável patinamento. A teoria Cn mostrou que possui uma faixa de utilização mais restrita do que as teorias Bn e MN, sendo o índice de cone a variável que determina essas condições de uso