Ultrassom como ferramenta de avaliação da composição corporal

The assessment of body composition is one of the most important steps for nutritional diagnosis and decision-making for nutritional intervention and, in recent years, it has been the target of major developments. In this scenario, ultrasound (US) has gained importance as a fast, practical and reliable method to be used in clinical practice. The present study aimed to carry out a literature review on the use of the USA to assess body composition and, for that, the technical principles of this method were described, for the assessment of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and for measurement of the cross-sectional area (CSA) muscle. In addition to evaluating the applicability of US compared to other methods of assessing body composition in different clinical contexts, with sarcopenia and sports. This review has an update character, as it presents a comparison between the main body composition analysis techniques, highlighting the main advantages and disadvantages of each. Additionally, the anatomical points and procedures to assess both the SAT and the CSA are described, including relevant points to be observed during this standardization. Given the content presented, it is possible to demand that an ultrasound can provide an accurate, reproducible and rapid analysis of body tissues and its application can be expanded in different clinical and sports contexts. Finally, we believe in the potential contribution and update that this present study promotes to health professionals involved in the context of body composition field.A avaliação da composição corporal é uma das etapas mais importantes para o diagnóstico nutricional e a tomada de decisões para a intervenção nutricional e nos últimos anos vem sendo alvo de grandes evoluções. Neste cenário, a avaliação por ultrassom (US) vem ganhando destaque como um método rápido, prático e confiável para ser utilizado na prática clínica. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre o uso do US para avaliação da composição corporal e para isso foram descritos os princípios técnicos deste método, para avaliação do tecido adiposo subcutâneo (TAS) e para medida da área de secção transversa (AST) muscular. Além de ser avaliada a aplicabilidade do US comparada a outros métodos de avaliação da composição corporal em diferentes contextos clínicos, com sarcopenia e cenário esportivo, esta revisão apresenta um comparativo entre as principais técnicas de análise de composição corporal, destacando as principais vantagens e desvantagens de cada uma. Adicionalmente, são descritos os pontos anatômicos e os procedimentos para medição tanto do TAS como da AST, incluindo pontos relevantes a serem observados durante esta padronização. Diante do conteúdo apresentado é possível concluir que a ultrassonografia é capaz de fornecer uma análise precisa, reprodutível e rápida dos tecidos corporais e sua aplicação pode ser expandida em diferentes contextos clínicos e esportivos. Por fim, acredita-se no potencial de contribuição e atualização que este presente estudo promove aos profissionais de saúde envolvidos no contexto de análise da composição corporal

Ultrassom como ferramenta de avaliação da composição corporal

A avaliação da composição corporal é uma das etapas mais importantes para o diagnóstico nutricional e a tomada de decisões para a intervenção nutricional e nos últimos anos vem sendo alvo de grandes evoluções. Neste cenário, a avaliação por ultrassom (US) vem ganhando destaque como um método rápido, prático e confiável para ser utilizado na prática clínica. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre o uso do US para avaliação da composição corporal e para isso foram descritos os princípios técnicos deste método, para avaliação do tecido adiposo subcutâneo (TAS) e para medida da área de secção transversa (AST) muscular. Além de ser avaliada a aplicabilidade do US comparada a outros métodos de avaliação da composição corporal em diferentes contextos clínicos, com sarcopenia e cenário esportivo, esta revisão apresenta um comparativo entre as principais técnicas de análise de composição corporal, destacando as principais vantagens e desvantagens de cada uma. Adicionalmente, são descritos os pontos anatômicos e os procedimentos para medição tanto do TAS como da AST, incluindo pontos relevantes a serem observados durante esta padronização. Diante do conteúdo apresentado é possível concluir que a ultrassonografia é capaz de fornecer uma análise precisa, reprodutível e rápida dos tecidos corporais e sua aplicação pode ser expandida em diferentes contextos clínicos e esportivos. Por fim, acredita-se no potencial de contribuição e atualização que este presente estudo promove aos profissionais de saúde envolvidos no contexto de análise da composição corporal

Associação entre colesterol hepático e ácido oleico no fígado de ratos tratados com gordura vegetal parcialmente hidrogenada

Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the lipid profiles of the hepatic and adipose tissues of Wistar rats treated for 21 days with a diet high in saturated fat (high saturated fat, n=6) or high in hydrogenated fat, that is, having 50% partially hydrogenated vegetable oil in its composition (high hydrogenated fat, n=6), and compare them to those of a control group (control group, n=6). Methods Adipose tissue and total hepatic fat were higher in the saturated fat group than in the hydrogenated fat group. Hepatic lipid peroxidation was greatest in the saturated fat group, with consequent lower hepatic vitamin E and A levels. In contrast, serum vitamin A was highest in the saturated fat group. Analysis of hepatic lipid fractions found more cholesterol and less high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in the hydrogenated fat group. The hydrogenated fat group had the highest levels of triacylglycerols, followed by the saturated fat group. Results Significant amounts of trans fatty acids were detected in the hepatic and adipose tissues of the hydrogenated fat group. Among the identified fatty acids, 18:1n9 had a higher positive association with hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerols, and a higher negative association with high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil promotes greater accumulation of cholesterol and triacylglycerols in the liver than saturated fats. Conclusion Trans fatty acids were incorporated into hepatocytes and adipocytes in a highly efficient manner.OBJETIVO: Esta pesquisa investigou a composição lipídica dos tecidos hepático e adiposo de ratos Wistar tratados durante 21 dias com uma dieta rica em gordura saturada (grupo gordura saturada, n=6) ou rica em gordura hidrogenada, ou seja, 50% da gordura consistindo de gordura vegetal parcialmente hidrogenada (grupo gordura hidrogenada, n=6) e compará-los a um grupo-controle (grupo-controle, n=6). \ud MÉTODOS: As quantidades de tecido adiposo e gordura hepática total foram maiores no grupo gordura saturada do que no grupo gordura hidrogenada. A peroxidação lipídica hepática foi maior no grupo gordura saturada, com consequente diminuição dos níveis hepáticos de vitaminas E e A. Por outro lado, o nível sérico de vitamina A foi maior no grupo gordura saturada do que nos outros grupos. A análise das frações lipídicas hepáticas revelou mais colesterol e menos colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade no grupo gordura hidrogenada. O grupo gordura hidrogenada apresentou os maiores níveis de triglicérides, seguido do grupo gordura saturada. Quantidades significativas de ácidos graxos trans foram detectados nos tecidos hepático e adiposo do grupo gordura hidrogenada. \ud RESULTADOS: Dentre os ácidos graxos identificados, o 18:1n9 apresentou uma associação positiva maior com o colesterol hepático e triglicérides, e uma associação negativa maior com o colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade. A gordura vegetal parcialmente hidrogenada promove um maior acúmulo de colesterol e triglicérides no fígado do que a gordura saturada. \ud CONCLUSÃO: Os ácidos graxos trans foram incorporados aos hepatócitos e adipócitos de forma altamente eficiente.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brazi

Influence of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery on Vitamin C, Myeloperoxidase, and Oral Clinical Manifestations: A 2-Year Follow-Up Study

Background: Bariatric surgery influences the intake and absorption of nutrients. The serum concentrations of vitamin C, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and oral clinical manifestations were examined in patients two years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Methods: Clinical prospective-study with control-group (CG; n = 26), assessed only once, and the bariatric-group (BG; n = 26), assessed in the basal period and at 12 and 24 months after surgery. The mean ages in the CG and BG were 37.8 +/- 1.51 and 39.6 +/- 1.93 years, respectively, and their body mass indices were 22.07 +/- 0.29 and 45.62 +/- 1.46 kg/m2, respectively. Results: At 12 months after surgery, increased episodes of vomiting (P < .001) and dental hypersensitivity (P=.012) were observed, with a reduction in the saliva buffering capacity of 21.3 2.9% (P=.004). At 24 months after RYGB, we detected a significant reduction in serum vitamin C (32.9 +/- 5.3%, P < .001) and MPO values were higher than in the basal period (P = .032). With regard to oral hygiene habits, 92.3% of patients reported frequent tooth brushing and 96.1% used fluoride, which were similar across the two years. However, dental hypersensitivity (P = .048) was significantly increased than baseline. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that vitamin C deficiency and increased vomiting after RYGB for morbid obesity may contribute to increased periodontal disease. The fact it is impossible to determine which factors (diet, poor compliance with supplementation, vomiting, poor oral hygiene) contributed to the dental problems in these patients is a shortcoming of the report. (Nutr Clin Pract. 2012; 27: 114-121)Fundacao de Apoio a Pesquisa Cientifica e Tecnologica do Estado de Santa Catarina (FAPESC) [14191/2007-7]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) BolsaPrograma de Pos-Graduacao em Nutricao da Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaCoordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES

Effects of ovariectomy and resistance training on oxidative stress markers in the rat liver

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of resistance training on oxidative stress markers in the livers of ovariectomized rats. METHOD: Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following four groups (n = 8 per group): sham-operated sedentary, ovariectomized sedentary, sham-operated resistance training, and ovariectomized resistance training. During the resistance training period, the animals climbed a 1.1-m vertical ladder with weights attached to their tails; the sessions were conducted 3 times per week, with 4-9 climbs and 8-12 dynamic movements per climb. The oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the levels of reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione, the enzymatic activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, vitamin E concentrations, and the gene expression of glutathione peroxidase. RESULTS: The results showed significant reductions in the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (4.11±0.65 nmol/g tec), vitamin E concentration (55.36±11.11 nmol/g), and gene expression of glutathione peroxidase (0.49±0.16 arbitrary units) in the livers of ovariectomized rats compared with the livers of unovariectomized animals (5.71±0.71 nmol/g tec, 100.14±10.99 nmol/g, and 1.09±0.54 arbitrary units, respectively). Moreover, resistance training for 10 weeks was not able to reduce the oxidative stress in the livers of ovariectomized rats and induced negative changes in the hepatic anti-oxidative/oxidative balance. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the resistance training program used in this study was not able to attenuate the hepatic oxidative damage caused by ovariectomy and increased the hepatic oxidative stress

Validation of a manual headspace gas chromatography method for determining volatile compounds in biological fluids

Background: We report the validation of a method for the determination of acetaldehyde, acetone, methanol, and ethanol in biological fluids using manual headspace sample introduction and an acetonitrile internal standard. Method: This method uses a capillary column (I = 30 m, I.D. = 0.25 mm, dF = 0.25 mu m) installed in a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) apparatus with a run time of 7.5 minutes. Results: Analysis of the retention times and the resolution of the analyte peaks demonstrated excellent separation without widening of the peaks. Precision and accuracy were good (interassay precision < 15% and recovery between 85% and 115%) in both blood and urine. Conclusion: The method was linear (r > 0.09) over the analytical measurement range (AMR) of each analyte

Effects of creatine supplementation on homocysteine levels and lipid peroxidation in rats

Hyperhomocysteinaemia is an independent risk factor for CVD. Recent data show a relationship between homocysteine (Hcy) and free radical formation. Since creatine synthesis is responsible for most of the methyl group transfers that result in Hcy formation, creatine supplementation might inhibit Hcy production and reduce free radical formation. The present study investigated the effects of creatine supplementation on Hcy levels and lipid peroxidation biomarkers. Thirty rats were divided into three groups: control group; diet with creatine group (DCr; 2% creatine in the diet for 28 d); creatine overload plus diet with creatine group (CrO + D; 5 g creatine/kg by oral administration for 5 d + 2 % in the diet for 23 d). Plasma Hcy was significantly lower (P<0.05) in DCr (7.5 (SD 1.2) mu mol/l) and CrO + D (7.2 (SD 1.7) mu mol/l) groups compared with the control group (12.4 (SD 2.2) mu mol/l). Both plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive species (TBARS) (control, 10 (SD 3.4); DCr, 4.9 (So 0.7); CrO + D, 2.4 (SD 1) mu mol/l) and plasma total glutathione (control, 4.3 (SD 1.9); DCr, 2.5 (SD 0.8); CrO + D, 1.8 (SD 0.5) mu mol/l) were lower in the groups that received creatine (P<0.05). In addition, Hcy showed significant negative correlation (P<0.05) with plasma creatine (r - 0.61) and positive correlation with plasma TBARS (r 0.74). Plasma creatine was negatively correlated with plasma TBARS (r - 0.75) and total peroxide (r - 0.40). We conclude that creatine supplementation reduces plasma Hcy levels and lipid peroxidation biomarkers, suggesting a protective role against oxidative damage. Modulating Hcy fort-nation may, however, influence glutathione synthesis and thereby affect the redox state of the cells

Effects of a Low-Protein Diet on Plasma Amino Acid and Homocysteine Levels and Oxidative Status in Rats

Background/Aims: Transmethylation reactions and antioxidant metabolism are linked by transsulfuration, where homocysteine (Hcy) is converted to cysteine and reduced glutathione (GSH). Low protein intake can modulate the balance of this metabolic reaction. The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of a low-protein diet on Hcy metabolism by monitoring levels of the amino acids involved in these pathways, and relating these levels to GSH levels and lipid peroxidation in rats. Methods: Sixteen rats were divided into 2 groups: control (C; standard AIN-93 diet, 20% protein) and low-protein diet (LPD; 8% protein diet). Rats in both groups were placed on the diets for 28 days. Results: A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in plasma Hcy concentration was found in LPD rats (0.16 +/- 0.04 mu mol/mg protein) versus C rats (0.25 +/- 0.03 mu mol/mg protein). Methionine levels were not significantly different between the 2 groups (C: 1.24 +/- 0.22 mu mol/mg protein; LPD: 1.03 +/- 0.27 mu mol/mg protein). A significant reduction (p ! 0.05) in hepatic GSH concentrations (C: 44 8 10 mu mol/mg protein; LPD: 17.4 +/- 4.3 mu mol/mg protein) was accompanied by an increase in lipid peroxidation (C: 0.13 +/- 0.01 mu mol/mg protein; LPD: 0.17 +/- 0.02 mu mol/mg protein; r = -0.62, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Hcy levels were reduced under a low-protein diet, resulting in modulated methyl balance and reduced GSH formation leading to increased susceptibility of hepatic cells to oxidative events. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Base

DETERMINATION OF ENERGY VALUE OF HAMBURGERS AND MEATBALLS BY DIRECT CALORIMETRY AND FOOD ANALYSIS COMPOSITION. COMPARISON WITH NUTRITION INFORMATION DISPLAYED ON PACKAGES

The nutritional composition found in the laboratory and those present on labels of manufactured foods can differ significantly. The purpose of this study was to determine the nutritional composition of hamburgers and meatballs and compare them with your labels. The food analysis was performed following the Analytical Standards Institute`s Adolfo Lutz and energy content was determined by bomb calorimetry. Regarding the energy value, all the samples had values less than informed on the label. The content of lipids of hamburgers and meatballs ( except the beef) were lower than those reported on the label. The values of protein for the meatballs and chicken hamburger had lower values than those labels. Thus, the labels may overestimate as underestimate some nutritional values, leading to population erroneous information

Effect of methionine load on homocysteine levels, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in rats receiving ethanol

Changes in the metabolism of methionine can cause hyperhomocysteinemia, inducing a triad of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and increased oxidative stress. The generation of free radicals and oxidative damage to DNA is important in the liver damage caused by ethanol. In this study, the effect of methionine overload associated or otherwise with acute administration of ethanol on homocysteine values, damage to DNA, lipoperoxidation and vitamin E was evaluated. Thirty rats were divided into 3 groups: Group Ethanol 24 hours (EG24), Group Methionine 24 hours (MG24), and Group Methionine and Ethanol 24 hours (MEG24). TBARS, vitamin E, GS and, homocysteine values were determined and the Comet assay was carried out. Increased GSH, vitamin E and homocysteine levels were observed for MEG24, and increased TBARS were observed in EG24. The Comet assay showed an increase in DNA damage in EG24 and DNA protection in MEG24. The administration of ethanol decreased antioxidant levels and increased TBARS, indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress with possible DNA damage. The combination of methionine and ethanol had a protective effect against the ethanol-induced damage, but increased the levels of homocysteine.<br>Alterações no metabolismo da metionina podem ocasionar hiper-homocisteinemia, quadro indutivo de aterosclerose, hipertensão e aumento do estresse oxidativo. A geração de radicais livres e dano oxidativo ao DNA são importantes na injúria hepática provocada pelo etanol. Neste estudo avaliaram-se os efeitos da sobrecarga de metionina associada ou não à administração aguda de etanol sobre valores de homocisteína, dano ao DNA, lipoperoxidação e vitamina E. Foram utilizados 30 ratos Wistar distribuídos em 3 Grupos: Grupo Etanol 24 horas (GE24), Grupo Metionina 24 horas (GM24) e Grupo Metionina e Etanol 24 horas (GME24). Realizaram-se determinações hepáticas de SRATB, vitamina E, GSH, homocisteína e Teste do Cometa e determinações plasmáticas de GSH e homocisteína. Valores aumentados de GSH, vitamina E e homocisteína foram observados para o GME24, e de SRATB no GE24. O Teste do Cometa mostrou aumento do dano ao DNA no GE24 e proteção ao DNA no GME24. A administração de etanol diminuiu os níveis de antioxidantes e aumentou o de SRATB, indicando ocorrência de estresse oxidativo, podendo ocasionar dano ao DNA. A presença da metionina associada com o etanol agiu como protetora contra os danos do etanol, mas aumentou os níveis de homocisteína