The Influence Of Urbanization Level Of Residence On The Health-Related Fitness Of University Students

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of place of residence on the health-related fitness (H-RF) of university students from Kielce, Poland. The research included 632 first-year students from the Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce between 2015-2017. The research analyzed two basic components of H-RF─ morphological and circulatory-respiratory. In terms of the morphological component, body height and weight, as well as BMI were measured. In terms of the circulatory-respiratory component, the V̇O2max was calculated utilizing the Astrand test, that allows the assessment of V̇O2max in l / min and V̇O2max in ml / kg / min and PWC170. Data regarding place of permanent residence of the students and physical activity in their free time were collected using a questionnaire. In this respect, the urban and rural environment were distinguished. Using the Vigorous Physical Activity index, two categories of physical activity in free time were distinguished, i.e. moderate and low. The obtained results indicate a differentiation of H-RF of the student, both in relation to the place of permanent residence and physical activity in their free time, that was slightly more pronounced in men than in women. This may denote that men are more eco-sensitive, meaning that they might be more susceptible to the influence of environmental factors

Significance of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in carcinogenesis

Introduction and aim.Reactive oxygen species and increased oxidative stress cause a series of disorders in the metabolism of the cell. Initiate adverse changes to the structure of DNA, lipids and proteins. The purpose of this article is to introduce the concept of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species and to present their contribution to the formation and development of precancerous and cancerous. Description of knowledge.The process of oxidation damage of DNA molecules nitrogen bases, contributes to the rupture of DNA strands and the formation of adducts. Lipid peroxidation cause damage to membranes of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial which causes unfavorable changes in their physical properties. The end products of this process show mutagenic and carcinogenic. Oxidation of proteins leading to changes in their structure and the presence of structurally abnormal protein, which is the main regulator of the cell can cause the initiation of the neoplastic process. The emergence of mutations in the DNA is a critical point in the process of carcinogenesis. Conclusions.Oxidative stress and the effects of reactive oxygen species is one of the reasons for the initiation and development of cancer. Permanent changes in the structure of DNA, lipids and proteins leading to the loss of their biological functions and following the development of lesions

The role of pharmaceutical care in a health prevention and the treatment process

Introduction and objective: The easy availability and a wide range of non-prescription drugs and dietary supplements allows for preventing and shortening diseases. However, this situation carries the risk of improper selection of preparations and, consequently, increasing the risk of drug-induced complications and a delay in the correct diagnosis of the disease. One way to avoid the undesirable effects of self-medication is the implementation and practice of pharmaceutical care in pharmacies. This allows you to reduce the risk of polypharmacy in all groups of patients entering treatment for various indications, as well as reducing the cost of treatment for the patient and the health system. The purpose of this article is to present the process of pharmaceutical care, the pharmacist's role in the selection of OTC (over-the-counter) and dietary supplements, as well as the impact of pharmaceutical care in shaping the role and activities of the pharmacy. Description of knowledge:Pharmaceutical care is to protect the patient against misuse of drugs, abuse of OTC and minimize the risk of interaction between zażywanymi pharmaceuticals. It is seen as a process. Its concept is based on cooperation with the patient and the doctor, as well as with representatives of other medical professions. The effectiveness of such action should be made to achieve certain results improve the quality of life of the patient using medication properly running. Conclusions:Effectively guided pharmaceutical care contributes to the reduction of the medication and treatment-related adverse effects resulting from the interaction of the components of the formulations. Relief is part of the National Health Care doctors. This contributes to a reduction in the number of hospitalizations and the risk associated with polypharmacy. Thanks to the pharmacy can be a place where in addition advice and information on the drugs the patient will obtain comprehensive assistance relating to the use, as well as information on how to protect their own health and disease prevention

The process of cancer. Part III. Selected vitamins in cancer. Chemoprevention

Introduction and objective: Free radicals (ROS), affect the course of each step of the process of carcinogenesis. Antioxidants that interact with ROS inactivates them, resulting in a positive effect both in preventing and inhibiting the progression of cancer. Vitamins such as A, C, E and D have anticancer properties. The article gives an overview of the problems of comp contribution of each vitamin in the chemoprevention of cancer. Its purpose is to present some antioxidants for its potential anti-tumor and to provide modifications to their effect on the carcinogenesis process. Description of knowledge: Vitamin A inhibits inter alia, lipid peroxidation and influences the growth and differentiation of epithelial cells to prevent neoplastic transformation. Vitamin E inhibits inter alia, angiogenesis, growth and proliferation of diseased cells. It also has the ability to stop the cell cycle. It prevents the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines. Vitamin D inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor, and factors stimulating cell proliferation. Suppressive affects COX-2 enzyme. Increases the synthesis of E-cadherin. Vitamin C contributes to the proper functioning of the immune system by stimulating the activity of B and T lymphocytes is an electron donor for protecting cell components against oxidation. Stimulates cells to produce hyaluronidase inhibitor. Induces the synthesis of proteins p73 and MLH1. Conclusions: Imbalance redox system can lead to neoplastic transformation. Taking antioxidant supplements is associated with the risk of delivering them in too large a dose. Consequently, there is a support of the oxidation processes. The best way to protect against cancer and support cancer therapy is to provide antioxidants in their natural form, ie in the form of fresh vegetables and fruits

The barrier and the intestinal microflora - the factors determining the state of human health

Introduction and purpose: Protective function, immune and nutrition in the human body correspond to the intestinal barrier. As a result of excessive exposure to various factors often leads to damage or abnormalities in its functioning, which negatively affects the behavior of human health. The intestinal microflora is important in the process of metabolism, as well as the intestinal barrier plays an important role in establishing immunity and protection. The purpose of this article is to present the importance and the role played by the barrier and microflora in maintaining human health. Description of knowledge:Use of alcohol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, completed parasitic infections, viral and bacterial infections, chronic stress and diet deficient in fruits and vegetables cause damage to the intestinal barrier and microflora bacterial dysbiosis. Conclusions:Damaged intestinal barrier is causing loss of control on the elements that penetrate into the bloodstream. Increased permeability of the intestinal barrier contributes to increased risk of developing various diseases

Ausgewählte Probleme der stilistischen Übersetzbarkeit von wissenschaftlichen Texten

The dissemination of results has always been an important aspect of the research process. The translation plays here an increasingly important role. In view of the fact that the languages of science differ significantly, that the scientific style is simultaneously distinguished by many personal, universal and cultural features, the translation appears not to be an easy undertaking. Following the Galtung’s concept of intellectual styles we present the distinguishing features of the Teutonic and Saxonic style on the example of German and English language

Social Diversification of Overweight and Obesity in Adults in Poland

Overweight and obesity are connected with environmental factors to a greater degree than with genetic and psychological factors, because in their aetiology the focus is mostly on two factors, i.e. inappropriate diet and a sedentary lifestyle. This is an increasingly widespread phenomenon that harms the health and quality of life in adults, and also contributes to a decrease in their efficiency at work. The study aimed to evaluate the social diversification of overweight and obesity in adults living in different social environments in Swietokrzyskie region of Poland. The study was based on a questionnaire and observations, and encompassed 517 women and 515 men aged between 20 and 59 years. The questionnaire included questions about the characteristics of the social and family environment; while the observation involved anthropometric measurements of the basic somatic traits that were used to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) and Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR), which in turn were used to evaluate the occurrence of overweight and obesity. The incidence of overweight and obese adults showed a clear increase with age and displayed considerable social diversification, especially in the case of the women, among whom a better financial situation and a higher level of education correlated with a more slender body shape and a smaller increase in the incidence of overweight and obesity. The increase in the number of overweight and obese adult persons who lived in the different social environments in Poland was only slightly smaller than the increase in other European countries. Overall, the social diversification of overweight and obesity in adult persons indicates that Polish women are more health-aware than men

The process of cancer. Part II. Selected plant compounds in cancer. Chemoprevention

Summary: Introduction and objective:Constantly increasing number of cancers, as well as too low efficiency of the treatment of advanced stages of the disease implies the search for effective action both in terms of primary prevention and secondary. The article comp is only an outline of selected compounds share vegetable chemoprevention of cancer. Its aim is to introduce the concept of chemoprevention and discussion of selected plant compounds and their impact on the process of carcinogenesis. Description of knowledge:Method of connecting primary and secondary prevention is cancer chemoprevention. It uses natural and synthetic compounds to inhibit, delay or reverse the neoplastic process. Glucosinolates found in cruciferous vegetables have potent biological properties applicable to the prevention of the carcinogenesis process. The best-known glucosinolates are sulforaphane and indole -3-carbinol. Curcumin is a natural agent having a broad antitumor effect. It is among the blocking and suppressive chemopreventive agents. Inhibits activation of cancer gene, tumor growth, cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Resveratrol shows efficacy in blocking all stages of carcinogenesis, while lycopene is a powerful antioxidant, which inactivates free radicals thereby reducing the DNA damage of the cell. Conclusions: Chemoprevention is a method which may intervene in all stages of carcinogenesis, and the largest of its efficacy is observed in the initiation and promotion of cancer lesions. Some food ingredients have both a anticarcinogenic and cytostatic effects on cancer cells

On the Essence of a Translation Unit

The questions of a translation unit, its dimensions and natural features have absorbed the traductologists since the origins of translatology. According to this, the primary purpose of this paper is to establish the range of the most important defining propositions and further to consider the issue, whether a translation unit should be in fact understood as a word, a phrase, a sentence, a text, culture or a variable entity. The approach will put forward the claim that it is necessary to differentiate between the unit of translation and the unit of translating, and that the appropriate text type particularly determines the dimensions of the unit of translating.Instytut Lingwistyki Stosowanej Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznani

The process of cancer. Part I. The role of selected factors in the induction of carcinogenesis

Summary Introduction and objective: Cancer arises from genetic and epigenetic changes in the cell. Indication of the direct causes of cancer is no doubt very difficult, because the process of carcinogenesis is a multi-level and multi-stage. Knowledge of existing threats to health is a determinant in making everyday decisions that are crucial in minimizing the risk for precancerous and cancerous. Featured Review article is only an outline of selected factors participate in the induction of neoplastic process. Its aim is to present the concept and the process of carcinogenesis, and to discuss the participation of selected factors in the induction of neoplastic lesions. Description of knowledge: Preiniciation is a period in which the carcinogenic effect on normal cells. Initiation is related to the appearance of the first permanent changes in the genetic material of the cell. The promotion is the stage in which the diseased cells grow and multiply. However, in the progression of metastasis occurs it. Factors that are surrounded by human impact on the integrity of the genetic material. Many of them have been scientifically proven effect mutogenne and carcinogenic. Conclusions:The effects of interactions of carcinogens accumulate in different time intervals. Carcinogens interact with DNA, causing deterioration or change in its structure. They can also cause changes in gene expression. Carcinogenic for a human body may be the same ingredients, food products and substances in food preservatives. Some viruses can be oncogenic due to the integration of the viral genome into the host genome in the vicinity of proto-oncogenes. Exposure to heavy metals and their metabolites contribute to DNA damage