Physical Uplink Control Channel Design for 5G New Radio

The next generation wireless communication system, 5G, or New Radio (NR) will provide access to information and sharing of data anywhere, anytime by various users and applications with diverse multi-dimensional requirements. Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), which is mainly utilized to convey Uplink Control Information (UCI), is a fundamental building component to enable NR system. Compared to Long Term Evolution (LTE), more flexible PUCCH structure is specified in NR, aiming to support diverse applications and use cases. This paper describes the design principles of various NR PUCCH formats and the underlying physical structures. Further, extensive simulation results are presented to explain the considerations behind the NR PUCCH design.Comment: 6 pages, 11 figures, accepted in IEEE 5G World Forum 201

NRG1 functions downstream of EDS1 to regulate TIR-NLR-mediated plant immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana.

Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in plants involves a large family of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors, including Toll/IL-1 receptor-NLRs (TNLs) and coiled-coil NLRs (CNLs). Although various NLR immune receptors are known, a mechanistic understanding of NLR function in ETI remains unclear. The TNL Recognition of XopQ 1 (Roq1) recognizes the effectors XopQ and HopQ1 from Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas, respectively, which activates resistance to Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and Xanthomonas gardneri in an Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1)-dependent way in Nicotiana benthamiana In this study, we found that the N. benthamiana N requirement gene 1 (NRG1), a CNL protein required for the tobacco TNL protein N-mediated resistance to tobacco mosaic virus, is also essential for immune signaling [including hypersensitive response (HR)] triggered by the TNLs Roq1 and Recognition of Peronospora parasitica 1 (RPP1), but not by the CNLs Bs2 and Rps2, suggesting that NRG1 may be a conserved key component in TNL signaling pathways. Besides EDS1, Roq1 and NRG1 are necessary for resistance to Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas in N. benthamiana NRG1 functions downstream of Roq1 and EDS1 and physically associates with EDS1 in mediating XopQ-Roq1-triggered immunity. Moreover, RNA sequencing analysis showed that XopQ-triggered gene-expression profile changes in N. benthamiana were almost entirely mediated by Roq1 and EDS1 and were largely regulated by NRG1. Overall, our study demonstrates that NRG1 is a key component that acts downstream of EDS1 to mediate various TNL signaling pathways, including Roq1 and RPP1-mediated HR, resistance to Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas, and XopQ-regulated transcriptional changes in N. benthamiana

OH reactivity in urban and suburban regions in Seoul, South Korea – an East Asian megacity in a rapid transition

South Korea has recently achieved developed country status with the second largest megacity in the world, the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). This study provides insights into future changes in air quality for rapidly emerging megacities in the East Asian region. We present total OH reactivity observations in the SMA conducted at an urban Seoul site (May-June, 2015) and a suburban forest site (Sep, 2015). The total OH reactivity in an urban site during the daytime was observed at similar levels (∼15 s(-1)) to those previously reported from other East Asian megacity studies. Trace gas observations indicate that OH reactivity is largely accounted for by NOX (∼50%) followed by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (∼35%). Isoprene accounts for a substantial fraction of OH reactivity among the comprehensive VOC observational dataset (25-47%). In general, observed total OH reactivity can be accounted for by the observed trace gas dataset. However, observed total OH reactivity in the suburban forest area cannot be largely accounted for (∼70%) by the trace gas measurements. The importance of biogenic VOC (BVOCs) emissions and oxidations used to evaluate the impacts of East Asian megacity outflows for the regional air quality and climate contexts are highlighted in this study

Socioeconomic Disparity in Later-Year Group Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms: Role of Health and Social Engagement Change

This study explored heterogeneous change patterns of South Korean older adults’ depressive symptoms by poverty status, focusing on health status and social engagement changes. We used data from four waves (2006–2012) of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA). Our sample contained 2461 poor and 1668 non-poor individuals. All were 65 years old or older at baseline. We used latent class growth analysis to identify trajectory groups’ depressive symptoms. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine how a range of changes in health conditions and social engagement was associated with trajectories among poor and non-poor participants. Among the poor, five heterogeneous trajectories with clear patterns were identified: high-to-moderate, stable-high, slightly-increasing, steeply-increasing, and stable-low. Among non-poor, high-to-moderate, steeply-increasing, and stable-low groups were found. A decrease in health conditions was the most vulnerable subgroup’s (steeply-increasing) primary risk factor. Poor older adults who reduced participation in, or decreased contact with, social networks were likely to belong to the steeply-increasing group. Our study provides impetus for organizational and/or environmental support systems to facilitate social engagement among poor older adults. Future research should examine whether the significance of social engagement among poor elders applies in less-developed and developed countries

Exploring dementia care in acute care settings: Perspectives of nurses and social workers on caring for patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms

This qualitative study compares perspectives of nurses (n = 5) and social workers (n = 12) about their role in caring for patients with dementia with behavioral and psychological problems in an acute care setting. A thematic qualitative analysis was conducted using the Rigorous and Accelerated Data Reduction Technique (RADaR). Three themes emerged: engagement of the patient and coordination with family and professionals, treatment and medical management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in the hospital, and barriers to care. Barriers to care are identified by both professions, with each having its own care niche. Social workers and nurses work as a team with the understanding that they face care challenges. Person centered care is a successful approach for the care team working with patients with BPSD

Artificial Intelligence in Pathology

As in other domains, artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly important in medicine. In particular, deep learning-based pattern recognition methods can advance the field of pathology by incorporating clinical, radiologic, and genomic data to accurately diagnose diseases and predict patient prognoses. In this review, we present an overview of artificial intelligence, the brief history of artificial intelligence in the medical domain, recent advances in artificial intelligence applied to pathology, and future prospects of pathology driven by artificial intelligence

Compensatory Effects of Sequential 4-Channel Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for the Treatment of Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Dysphagia in a Prospective, Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial

Background. The precise mechanism of 2-channel neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) treatment is unknown, and controversy remains over its efficacy. The sequential 4-channel NMES was newly developed based on normal contractile sequences of swallowing-related muscles. Objective. To assess the clinical efficacy of sequential 4-channel NMES during swallowing. Methods. In this prospective RCT, 52 inpatients with dysphagia (acute, subacute, and chronic state) after stroke, brain tumor, or encephalitis were enrolled. Participants who underwent a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) and clinical evaluation were enrolled and were randomly assigned to the 4-channel NMES or sham group. The 4-channel NMES and sham groups swallowed thin and honey-like fluids under NMES (sequential stimulation on suprahyoid and infrahyoid) and sham stimulation, respectively. The procedures were evaluated with the VFSS. Pre- and post-treatment evaluations were performed with the videofluoroscopic dysphagia scale (VDS), penetration-aspiration scale (PAS), Likert scale, and kinematic analysis. Results. The 4-channel NMES group showed significantly greater improvements than the sham group with respect to oral VDS, pharyngeal VDS, total VDS, and PAS (P < .05). Furthermore, the Likert scale for satisfaction, easiness, and discomfort for swallowing showed favorable results for the 4-channel NMES group (P < .05). In the kinematic analysis, the peak speed point, distance, and velocity of hyoid movement were significantly greater in the 4-channel NMES group (P < .05). Conclusions. Sequential 4-channel NMES activating the suprahyoid, thyrohyoid, and other infrahyoid muscles during swallowing showed significant clinical improvement with respect to VDS, PAS, and kinematic analysis. Therefore, sequential 4-channel NMES is a potential new functional electrical stimulation system for the treatment of dysphagia.N