Vitamin D status among female handball and football elite athletes in Norway at latitude 60°N

Bakgrunn: En overhyppighet av suboptimal vitamin D-status er blitt rapportert på verdensbasis, men lite er kjent når det gjelder nivået hos idrettsutøvere. Vitamin D er kjent for sin funksjon i skjelettet og betydning for beinhelse. I tillegg har vitamin D en funksjon i muskel og immunforsvaret, og lave nivåer er trolig forbundet med både nedsatt muskelstyrke og kroniske sykdommer. Om disse funksjonene kan påvirke helsestatus og prestasjon hos idrettsutøvere er ennå ikke bekreftet. Hensikt: Å måle serum vitamin D-konsentrasjon, som 25-hydroksyvitamin D (25(OH)D), hos kvinnelige toppidrettsutøvere innen håndball og fotball på Østlandet i Norge, ved breddegrad 60ºN. Vi ville også se på mulige eksponeringsfaktorer for 25(OH)D-nivået i denne gruppen, ved å se på kosthold, bruk av kosttilskudd og solvaner. Metoder: Serum 25(OH)D-konsentrasjon ble målt for 48 kvinnelige toppidrettsutøvere (26 håndball/22 fotball) i oktober/november 2010. Utilstrekkelig 25(OH)D-nivå ble definert som <80 nmol/l. Utøverne registrerte kostholdet sitt med vekt i fire dager. Bruk av kosttilskudd og solvaner ble rapportert ved intervjuer-baserte spørreskjemaer. Resultater: Gjennomsnittlig serum 25(OH)D-konsentrasjon var 99 (SD=32) nmol/l. Utilstrekkelig vitamin D-nivå ble funnet hos 27 prosent av utøverne. Håndballspillerne hadde signifikant høyere serum 25(OH)D-nivå enn fotballspillerne (p=0.001). Deltakerne som kun oppholdt seg i Norden om sommeren, hadde signifikant lavere 25(OH)D-nivå enn deltakerne som reiste utenfor Norden (p=0.039). Håndballspillerne reiste signifikant mer utenfor Norden enn fotballspillerne (p=0.004). Vitamin D-inntaket var under anbefalt nivå, 7,5 µg/dag, for 73 prosent av alle deltakerne. Konklusjon: I denne studien, gjort på kvinnelige utøvere fra høy nordlig breddegrad, var gjennomsnittlig 25(OH)D-nivå om høsten tilsvarende optimalt nivå, og utilstrekkelig 25(OH)D-nivå ble funnet hos en av fire utøvere. Å reise utenfor Norden om sommeren så ut til å være den faktoren av størst betydning for 25(OH)D-nivåene. Siden deltakerne bor ved høy nordlig breddegrad og siden vitamin D-inntaket var under anbefalt nivå for ¾ av deltakerne, er det sannsynlig at 25(OH)D-nivåene deres vil synke i løpet av vinteren. Derfor er det nødvendig å diskutere om generell screening av 25(OH)D-konsentrasjon for kvinnelige toppidrettsutøvere bør anbefales

New Opportunities to Advance Sport Nutrition

Sports nutrition is a relatively new discipline; with ~100 published papers/year in the 1990s to ~3,500+ papers/year today. Historically, sports nutrition research was primarily initiated by university-based exercise physiologists who developed new methodologies that could be impacted by nutrition interventions (e.g., carbohydrate/fat oxidation by whole body calorimetry and muscle glycogen by muscle biopsies). Application of these methods in seminal studies helped develop current sports nutrition guidelines as compiled in several expert consensus statements. Despite this wealth of knowledge, a limitation of the current evidence is the lack of appropriate intervention studies (e.g., randomized controlled clinical trials) in elite athlete populations that are ecologically valid (e.g., in real-life training and competition settings). Over the last decade, there has been an explosion of sports science technologies, methodologies, and innovations. Some of these recent advances are field-based, thus, providing the opportunity to accelerate the application of ecologically valid personalized sports nutrition interventions. Conversely, the acceleration of novel technologies and commercial solutions, especially in the field of biotechnology and software/app development, has far outstripped the scientific communities' ability to validate the effectiveness and utility of the vast majority of these new commercial technologies. This mini-review will highlight historical and present innovations with particular focus on technological innovations in sports nutrition that are expected to advance the field into the future. Indeed, the development and sharing of more “big data,” integrating field-based measurements, resulting in more ecologically valid evidence for efficacy and personalized prescriptions, are all future key opportunities to further advance the field of sports nutrition

Do we need to change the guideline values for determining low bone mineral density in athletes? [Viewpoint]

publishedVersio

How Do We Assess Energy Availability and RED-S Risk Factors in Para Athletes?

Low energy availability (LEA) is considered to be the underlying cause of a number of maladaptations in athletes, including impaired physiological function, low bone mineral density (BMD), and hormonal dysfunction. This is collectively referred to as &lsquo;Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport&rsquo; (RED-S). LEA is calculated through assessment of dietary energy intake (EI), exercise energy expenditure (EEE) and fat-free mass (FFM). The incidence of LEA in Paralympic athletes is relatively unknown; however, there are legitimate concerns that Para athletes may be at even higher risk of LEA than able-bodied athletes. Unfortunately, there are numerous issues with the application of LEA assessment tools and the criterion for diagnosis within the context of a Para population. The calculation of EEE, in particular, is limited by a distinct lack of published data that cover a range of impairments and activities. In addition, for several RED-S-related factors, it is difficult to distinguish whether they are truly related to LEA or a consequence of the athlete&rsquo;s impairment and medical history. This narrative review outlines deficits and complexities when assessing RED-S and LEA in Para athletes, presents the information that we do have, and provides suggestions for future progress in this important area of sports nutrition

Spiste flere måltider

viii, 93 Hal.; 22 C

Spiste flere måltider. Tilbud om ekstramåltider i sykehjem bidro til at beboere med ernæringsproblemer spiste mer

Fagartikkel presenterer erfaringer fra et utviklingsprosjekt for å bedre ernæringssituasjonen hos sykehjemspasienter ved å tilby ekstramåltider

How do we assess energy availability and RED-S risk factors in para athletes?

Low energy availability (LEA) is considered to be the underlying cause of a number of maladaptations in athletes, including impaired physiological function, low bone mineral density (BMD), and hormonal dysfunction. This is collectively referred to as ‘Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport’ (RED-S). LEA is calculated through assessment of dietary energy intake (EI), exercise energy expenditure (EEE) and fat-free mass (FFM). The incidence of LEA in Paralympic athletes is relatively unknown; however, there are legitimate concerns that Para athletes may be at even higher risk of LEA than able-bodied athletes. Unfortunately, there are numerous issues with the application of LEA assessment tools and the criterion for diagnosis within the context of a Para population. The calculation of EEE, in particular, is limited by a distinct lack of published data that cover a range of impairments and activities. In addition, for several RED-S-related factors, it is difficult to distinguish whether they are truly related to LEA or a consequence of the athlete’s impairment and medical history. This narrative review outlines deficits and complexities when assessing RED-S and LEA in Para athletes, presents the information that we do have, and provides suggestions for future progress in this important area of sports nutrition

No Effect of Acute and 6-Day Nitrate Supplementation on VO2 and Time-Trial Performance in Highly Trained Cyclists

While the majority of studies reporting ergogenic effects of dietary nitrate have used a multiday supplemen-tation protocol, some studies suggest that a single dose of dietary nitrate before exercise can also improve subsequent performance. We aimed to compare the impact of acute and 6-day sodium nitrate supplementation on oxygen uptake (V˙ O2) and time-trial performance in trained cyclists. Using a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design, 17 male cyclists (25 ± 4 y, V˙ O2peak 65 ± 4 ml·kg-1·min-1, Wmax 411 ± 35 W) were subjected to 3 different trials; 5 days placebo and 1 day sodium nitrate supplementation (1-DAY); 6 days sodium nitrate supplementation (6-DAY); 6 days placebo supplementation (PLA). Nitrate was administered as 1097 mg sodium nitrate providing 800 mg (~12.9 mmol) nitrate per day. Three hours after ingestion of the last supplemental bolus, indirect calorimetry was performed while subjects performed 30 min of exercise at 45% Wmax and 30 min at 65% Wmax on a cycle ergometer, followed by a 10 km time-trial. Immediately before exercise, plasma [nitrate] and [nitrite] increased to a similar extent during the 6-DAY and 1-DAY trial, but not with PLA (plasma nitrite: 501 ± 205, 553 ± 278, and 239 ± 74 nM, respectively; p < .001). No differences were observed between interventions in V˙ O2 during submaximal exercise, or in time to complete the time-trial (6-DAY: 1004 ± 61, 1-DAY: 1022 ± 72, PLA: 1017 ± 71 s; p = .28). We conclude that both acute and 6-days of sodium nitrate supplementation do not alter V˙ O2 during submaximal exercise or improve time-trial performance in highly trained cyclists, despite increasing plasma [nitrate] and [nitrite]