5,507 research outputs found
POLICY IMPLICATIONS ON THE REDUCTION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER USE ON NON-IRRIGATED CORN-WINTER WHEAT PRODUCTION IN NORTH ALABAMA
Environmental and economic effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction on North Alabama small farms are evaluated using GPFARM. GPFARM incorporates climate, soil data and management practices to simulate science and economic analysis for a farm/ranch management unit. Nitrate leaching, crop yield and profitability are evaluated and presented under different policy scenarios. Key words: nitrate leaching, profitability, management unit, GPFARMnitrate leaching, profitability, management unit, GPFARM, Crop Production/Industries,
Efficient excitation of cavity resonances of subwavelength metallic gratings
One dimensional rectangular metallic gratings enable enhanced transmission of
light for specific resonance frequencies. Two kinds of modes participating to
enhanced transmission have already been demonstrated : (i) waveguide modes and
(ii) surface plasmon polaritons (SPP). Since the original paper of Hessel and
Oliner \cite{hessel} pointing out the existence of (i), no progress was made in
their understanding. We present here a carefull analysis, and show that the
coupling between the light and such resonances can be tremendously improved
using an {\it evanescent} wave. This leads to enhanced localisation of light in
cavities, yielding, in particular, to a very selective light transmission
through these gratings.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Let
Statistical mechanics and thermodynamics of viral evolution
This paper analyzes a simplified model of viral infection and evolution using
the 'grand canonical ensemble' and formalisms from statistical mechanics and
thermodynamics to enumerate all possible viruses and to derive thermodynamic
variables for the system. We model the infection process as a series of energy
barriers determined by the genetic states of the virus and host as a function
of immune response and system temperature. We find a phase transition between a
positive temperature regime of normal replication and a negative temperature
'disordered' phase of the virus. These phases define different regimes in which
different genetic strategies are favored. Perhaps most importantly, it
demonstrates that the system has a real thermodynamic temperature. For normal
replication, this temperature is linearly related to effective temperature. The
strength of immune response rescales temperature but does not change the
observed linear relationship. For all temperatures and immunities studied, we
find a universal curve relating the order parameter to viral evolvability. Real
viruses have finite length RNA segments that encode for proteins which
determine their fitness; hence the methods put forth here could be refined to
apply to real biological systems, perhaps providing insight into immune escape,
the emergence of novel pathogens and other results of viral evolution.Comment: 39 pages (55 pages including supplement), 9 figures, 11 supplemental
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Food Security Status and Barriers to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Two Economically Deprived Communities of Oakland, California, 2013-2014.
IntroductionFood security status may moderate how people perceive barriers to fruit and vegetable consumption. This study aimed to 1) describe the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and microbarriers and mezzobarriers to consumption, and 2) test whether these associations differ by food security status.MethodsWe surveyed adults (n = 531) living in 2 economically deprived communities in Oakland, California, in 2013 and 2014. Multivariate linear regression assessed associations between microbarriers (taste, cost, busyness) and mezzobarriers (produce selection, quality, and purchase ease) and fruit and vegetable consumption, derived from a 26-item dietary screener. Interactions were tested by food security status.ResultsRespondents consumed a mean 2.4 (standard deviation, 1.5) servings of fruits and vegetables daily; 39% of the sample was food insecure. Being too busy to prepare healthy foods was associated with reduced fruit and vegetable consumption (β(busyness) = -0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.52 to -0.28) among all respondents. Food security moderated the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and taste, cost, and perceived ease of purchase of healthy foods. Among the food secure, disliking healthy food taste (β(taste) = -0.38; 95% CI, -0.60 to -0.15) and cost (β(cost) = -0.29; 95% CI, -0.44 to -0.15) concerns were associated with lower consumptions of fruits and vegetables. Mezzobarriers were not significantly associated with consumption in either group.ConclusionPerceived time constraints influenced fruit and vegetable consumption. Taste and cost influenced fruit and vegetable consumption among the food secure and may need to be considered when interpreting analyses that describe dietary intake and designing diet-related interventions
First-principles Calculations of Engineered Surface Spin Structures
The engineered spin structures recently built and measured in scanning
tunneling microscope experiments are calculated using density functional
theory. By determining the precise local structure around the surface
impurities, we find the Mn atoms can form molecular structures with the binding
surface, behaving like surface molecular magnets. The spin structures are
confirmed to be antiferromagnetic, and the exchange couplings are calculated
within 8% of the experimental values simply by collinear-spin GGA+U
calculations. We can also explain why the exchange couplings significantly
change with different impurity binding sites from the determined local
structure. The bond polarity is studied by calculating the atomic charges with
and without the Mn adatoms
Spin and exchange coupling for Ti embedded in a surface dipolar network
We have studied the spin and exchange coupling of Ti atoms on a
CuN/Cu(100) surface using density functional theory. We find that
individual Ti have a spin of 1.0 (i.e., 2 Bohr Magneton) on the CuN/Cu(100)
surface instead of spin-1/2 as found by Scanning Tunneling Microscope. We
suggest an explanation for this difference, a two-stage Kondo effect, which can
be verified by experiments. By calculating the exchange coupling for Ti dimers
on the CuN/Cu(100) surface, we find that the exchange coupling across a
`void' of 3.6\AA\ is antiferromagnetic, whereas indirect (superexchange)
coupling through a N atom is ferromagnetic. We confirm the existence of
superexchange interactions by varying the Ti-N angle in a model trimer
calculation. For a square lattice of Ti on CuN/Cu(100), we find a novel
spin striped phase
Novel Distances for Dollo Data
We investigate distances on binary (presence/absence) data in the context of
a Dollo process, where a trait can only arise once on a phylogenetic tree but
may be lost many times. We introduce a novel distance, the Additive Dollo
Distance (ADD), which is consistent for data generated under a Dollo model, and
show that it has some useful theoretical properties including an intriguing
link to the LogDet distance. Simulations of Dollo data are used to compare a
number of binary distances including ADD, LogDet, Nei Li and some simple, but
to our knowledge previously unstudied, variations on common binary distances.
The simulations suggest that ADD outperforms other distances on Dollo data.
Interestingly, we found that the LogDet distance performs poorly in the context
of a Dollo process, which may have implications for its use in connection with
conditioned genome reconstruction. We apply the ADD to two Diversity Arrays
Technology (DArT) datasets, one that broadly covers Eucalyptus species and one
that focuses on the Eucalyptus series Adnataria. We also reanalyse gene family
presence/absence data on bacteria from the COG database and compare the results
to previous phylogenies estimated using the conditioned genome reconstruction
approach
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