BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License

Phosphorus requirement and partitioning in oat cultivars

ABSTRACT: Maintenance fertilization changes with nutrient requirements and partitioning, but these are not well known for oat cultivars. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether phosphorus (P) requirements and partitioning vary among cultivars of oat (Avena sativa L.). The UPFA ‘Ouro’, UPFPS ‘Farroupilha’, IPR ‘Afrodite’, URS ‘FAPA Slava’, ‘Barbarasul’, ‘FAEM 007’, URS ‘Taura’, and ‘URS 21’ were cultivated in a Latosol with high P content in a greenhouse in 2015. Plants were sampled at physiological maturity and divided into roots, stem, leaves, and grain tissues. Phosphorus content and the dry matter weight of these parts were evaluated and the uptake amount and partitioning of P were estimated. The values of these variables differed across cultivars, except the P content in the grain (‘average’, 4.0g P kg-1). ‘Afrodite’ and ‘FAPA Slava’ have lower requirements and partitioning of P in the grain, but these did not vary among the other cultivars. Requirements and partitioning of P in stem and leaves increased in the following order: ‘Ouro’ and ‘Farroupilha’<‘Taura’ and ‘FAPA Slava’<‘URS 21’<‘Afrodite’, ‘Barbarasul’ and ‘FAEM 007’. Requirement and partitioning of P in roots, stem, leaves, and grain differs across cultivars, which indicates that this factor, besides how the oat is used (such as for grain, pasture, silage, cover crop), can be used to improve maintenance fertilization

A global-level assessment of the effectiveness of protected areas at resisting anthropogenic pressures.

One-sixth of the global terrestrial surface now falls within protected areas (PAs), making it essential to understand how far they mitigate the increasing pressures on nature which characterize the Anthropocene. In by far the largest analysis of this question to date and not restricted to forested PAs, we compiled data from 12,315 PAs across 152 countries to investigate their ability to reduce human pressure and how this varies with socioeconomic and management circumstances. While many PAs show positive outcomes, strikingly we find that compared with matched unprotected areas, PAs have on average not reduced a compound index of pressure change over the past 15 y. Moreover, in tropical regions average pressure change from cropland conversion has increased inside PAs even more than in matched unprotected areas. However, our results also confirm previous studies restricted to forest PAs, where pressures are increasing, but less than in counterfactual areas. Our results also show that countries with high national-level development scores have experienced lower rates of pressure increase over the past 15 y within their PAs compared with a matched outside area. Our results caution against the rapid establishment of new PAs without simultaneously addressing the conditions needed to enable their success

Evaporative snout cooling system on the performance of lactating sows and their litters in a subtropical region

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of different temperature control systems on the voluntary feed intake (VFI), percentage of weight loss (PWL) and performance of lactating sows as well as on the weight of their piglets. Two systems were used: traditional temperature control system (TTCS) with curtain management and an evaporative snout cooling system (ESCS). The study was performed during the summer of 2011. After farrowing and at the weaning, 241 sows were weighed to evaluate the PWL during lactation. TTCS sows lost more weight (5.3±0.9%; P<0.05) than ESCS sows (2.2±0.9%). VFI was measured at intervals of four days in 32 primiparous and 39 multiparous sows. ESCS sows had higher VFI (5.8±0.2kg day-1; P<0.05) than TTCS sows (4.8±0.2kg day-1). Primiparous sows (4.4±0.2kg day-1) had a lower VFI than multiparous sows (6.3±0.2kg day-1, P<0.05) regardless of the temperature control system. Primiparous sows in the TTCS (10.9±1.3 days) had a longer weaning-to-oestrus interval than primiparous sows in the ESCS (7.0±1.2 days, P<0.05). Subsequent litter size tended to be higher (P=0.095) in ESCS than in TTCS (12.0±0.5 and 10.9±0.6 piglets born, respectively). Litters housed in ESCS were heavier (65.3±1.4kg; P<0.05) at weaning than litters in TTCS (60.7±1.4kg). The results suggest that in general sows and piglets housed in the ESCS have better performance than sows and piglets housed in TTCS

Evaporative snout cooling system on the performance of lactating sows and their litters in a subtropical region/ Sistema de resfriamento adiabatico evaporativo conduzido por ductos no desempenho de femeas suinas em lactacao e suas leitegadas

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of different temperature control systems on the voluntary feed intake (VFI), percentage of weight loss (PWL) and performance of lactating sows as well as on the weight of their piglets. Two systems were used: traditional temperature control system (TTCS) with curtain management and an evaporative snout cooling system (ESCS). The study was performed during the summer of 2011. After farrowing and at the weaning, 241 sows were weighed to evaluate the PWL during lactation. TTCS sows lost more weight (5.3±0.9%; P<0.05) than ESCS sows (2.2±0.9%). VFI was measured at intervals of four days in 32 primiparous and 39 multiparous sows. ESCS sows had higher VFI (5.8±0.2kg day-1; P<0.05) than TTCS sows (4.8±0.2kg day-1). Primiparous sows (4.4±0.2kg day-1) had a lower VFI than multiparous sows (6.3±0.2kg day-1, P<0.05) regardless of the temperature control system. Primiparous sows in the TTCS (10.9±1.3 days) had a longer weaning-to-oestrus interval than primiparous sows in the ESCS (7.0±1.2 days, P<0.05). Subsequent litter size tended to be higher (P=0.095) in ESCS than in TTCS (12.0±0.5 and 10.9±0.6 piglets born, respectively). Litters housed in ESCS were heavier (65.3±1.4kg; P<0.05) at weaning than litters in TTCS (60.7±1.4kg). The results suggest that in general sows and piglets housed in the ESCS have better performance than sows and piglets housed in TTCS.O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência de diferentes sistemas de controle de temperatura sobre o consumo voluntário de ração (VFI), porcentagem de peso perdido (PWL) e desempenho de fêmeas lactantes e de suas leitegadas. Dois sistemas foram utilizados no estudo: o sistema tradicional de controle de temperatura (TTCS), com manejo de cortina e o sistema de resfriamento adiabático evaporativo (ESCS). O estudo foi realizado no verão de 2011. Após o parto e ao desmame, 241 fêmeas foram pesadas e foi avaliado o PWL durante a lactação. Fêmeas TTCS perderam mais peso (5,3±0,9%; P<0,05) do que as fêmeas ESCS (2,2±0,9%). VFI foi medido em intervalos de quatro dias em 32 fêmeas primíparas e 39 multíparas. Fêmeas ESCS tiveram maior VFI (5,8±0,2kg-1 dia; P<0,05) do que fêmeas TTCS (4,8±0,2 kg dia-1). Primíparas (4,4±0,2kg dia-1) tiveram menor VFI do que multíparas (6,3±0,2 kg dia-1, P<0,05), independentemente do sistema de controle de temperatura utilizado. Primíparas do TTCS (10,9±1,3 dias) tiveram maior intervalo desmame-estro do que primíparas do ESCS (7,0±1,2 dias, P<0,05). O tamanho da leitegada do parto subsequente tendeu a ser maior (P=0,095) no grupo alojado no ESCS do que no TTCS (12,0±0,5 e 10,9±0,6 leitões nascidos, respectivamente). Leitegadas alojadas no ESCS foram mais pesadas (65,3±1,4kg; P<0,05) ao desmame do que no TTCS (60,7±1,4kg). Os resultados observados sugerem que fêmeas e leitões alojados no ESCS apresentam melhor desempenho do que fêmeas e leitões alojados no TTCS

Experiências de capacitação em software livre: projetos do colegiado de ciência da computação da UNIOESTE

Este trabalho visa apresentar o estado atual dos projetos de extensão que desde 2002 a Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), através do Colegiado de Ciência da Computação do Campus de Cascavel, de-senvolve visando, principalmente, atender a necessidade que a Associação Edu-cacional Espírita Lins de Vasconcellos - A.E.E.L.V. (Guarda Mirim de Casca-vel) tem de assistir adolescentes que se encontram em situação de risco pessoal e social, provindos de núcleos familiares cuja renda per capta é inferior a meio salário mínimo. Além destes adolescentes os projetos atendem funcionários da UNIOESTE do Campus de Cascavel e senhoras da terceira idade do Projeto “21 Educação Ambiental, Saúde e Sociedade” vinculado ao Colegiado de Enferma-gem da UNIOESTE do Campus de Cascavel. Os projetos apresentados ofere-cem cursos que visam à formação técnica dos participantes. A oferta destes cur-sos viabiliza a inclusão digital destas pessoas uma vez que possibilita a alfabeti-zação digital.Sociedad Argentina de Informática e Investigación Operativ

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS: a data set of bird morphological traits from the Atlantic forests of South America

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License