The Impact of the Change of Water Polo Rules on the Game Dynamics

This research aimed to identify a change in the dynamics of the water polo game related to identifying differences in the number of goals scored before and after the introduction of the current 2019 rules. The sample analyzed 96 matches from the 2018 and 2020 European Water Polo Championships. The sample of variables included five variables for both subsamples, which referred to the total number of goals scored in the match, as well as the total number of goals per quarter. By applying the T-test for small independent samples, it was determined that at a statistically significant level, a higher number of goals was achieved in the third and fourth quarters, as well as the total number of goals in the 2020 European Championship in Hungary, compared to the 2018 European Championship in Spain. No statistically significant differences were found in the variables related to the total number of goals in the first and second quarters of the water polo match. The rule change, which came into force in 2019, was driven by changes in the game that directly reflected in a more dynamic game that resulted in more goals per game as well as in the final quarter of the game. These changes were undoubtedly preceded by changes in the total number of attacks, faster swimming, more frequent shots, which should definitely be determined by additional research

Body Composition and Somatotype in Elite Handball Players

As the main objective, this research work had to compare pre and post complex training effects on body composition in elite handball players in the Spanish 2nd Division. Eleven players were included in the study. Six of them formed an experimental group, and 5 of them the control group. They have undergone the complex training session which was done once a week. The following parameters were analyzed: BMI (Body Mass Index), somatotype, FM (Fat Mass), MM (Muscle mass), RM (Residual Mass), WHR (Waist to Hip Ratio), BM (Bone Mass). The results have shown that there was a not statistically significant difference after the 6 – week program neither in body composition and somatotypes. Since this program did not have a big influence on body composition we could say that complex training influences body composition should be further researched

Kinematic parameters and metabolic power in elite soccer players: A small sided a large sided games comparison

Introduction: The goal of this paper is to determine what happens in one minute (on average) in kinematic parameters and metabolic power in small sided games (SSG) (3v3; 5v5) and large sided games (LSG) (10v10) and in which games kinematic parameters and metabolic power are best developed.Methods: The participants of this study were 22 professional football players, height 182.95±6.52 cm, mass 77.17±8.21 kg, body mass index (BMI) 22.97±1.47 kg/m2, body fat 9.85±2.55 %, aged 27.1±5.4 yrs, who played in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Data total distance (TD), maximum speed (MS), number of accelerations (nAcc), number of decelerations (nDec), number of sprints (nS), high intensity distance (Z4≥19.8 km/h), sprint distance (Z5≥25.2 km/h) and movements requiring a certain metabolic power (Pmet), were collected using a 20 Hz Global positioning system (GPS) system Pro2 (GPEXE, Exelio srl, Udine, Italy), on a total of 307 individual observations.Results: The results showed that the average total distance was significantly higher in the 5v5 (135.16±18.78 m) and 10v10 (133.43±20.06 m) games (F=64.26, p<0.001) compared to the 3v3 (108.24±11.26 m). Furthermore, the values of the variables Z4 (8.32±3.38 m, F=97.59), Z5 (1.84±1.53 m, F=123.64), nS (0.13±0.10 n, F=96.14) as well as Maxspeed (27.06±1.90 km/h, F=139.33), are statistically significantly higher (p<0.001) in the 10v10 game compared to the other two game formats. The average number of nAcc (0.40±0.32 n, F=9.86, p<0.001) and nDec (0.62±0.36 n, F=6.42, p<0.001) is statistically significantly higher in the 5v5 game. The results showed that the 5v5 game is significantly more metabolically demanding Pmet (2.76±0.67 W•kg−1, F=66.08, p<0.001) compared to the other two game formats.Discussion: The data presented in this paper can be used as a basis for the construction of specific exercises based on kinematic and physiological requirements, and for planning and programming microcycles in football

Effects of Punica granatum Fruit (a Super Food) Juice on Human Health

Abstract: Background: One of the oldest known edible fruits, the pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), is now widely consumed worldwide. Its fruits and seed are rich in many bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, and the scientific interest in this plant has been constantly growing in recent years. Introduction: Pomegranate fruit and its juice have been shown to have health benefits relating to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They are used in alternative medicine as adaptogens and ergogens, protecting against many neurological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, liver, and skin disorders. Methods: Given the amount of evidence, this narrative review does not seek to supply a comprehensive summary of all study findings but rather focuses on human clinical trials related to the last five years. In this regard, we have performed a check in MEDLINE, and clinical trials presented in this time are summarized. Results: Pomegranate consumption as a table fruit or juice, which is high in polyphenols, is thus recommended in human diet for its health benefits.The consumption of pomegranate fruit symbolizes a promising therapeutic approach to avert many chronic syndromes. Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for bigger, more thoroughly planned human clinical trials to continue research into the potential particular effects of pomegranate fruit, as well as to determine the ideal dose and duration of pomegranate juice supplementatio

Modulation of mitochondrial biogenesis: action of physical activity and phytochemicals

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles whose centralrole is synthesis of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP)by oxidative phosphorylation. They controlseveral cellular activities such as, calcium homeostasis, apoptosis and productionof reactive oxygen species (ROS). These organelles are the focus of metabolic pathways, and mitochondrial alteration is indirectly or directly involved in the origin of manysyndromes.Increased mitochondrial ROS synthesis can perturb the activity of enzymes involved in these paths, affecting both the ATP synthesis and the metabolic responses. Mitochondrial biogenesis involves an increase in mitochondrial number and the overall capacity of oxidative phosphorylation, and it is a critical determinant of all tissues function, and in particular of skeletal muscle. Appropriate nutrition and a constant physical activity,acting on the mitochondrial biogenesis, are essential and modifiable factors that play a key role in preventing and/or delaying the mitochondrial degeneration. Exercise-induced mitochondrial remodeling is mediated by upstream signaling events that converge on downstream transcriptional co-factors, and factors that orchestrate a co-ordinated nuclear and mitochondrial transcriptional response associated with mitochondrial renovation. Furthermore, the defensiveconsequence of some natural mixtures on the mechanism involved in mitochondrial role has also been revealed. Recently a special interest has been focused on phytochemicals, food-derived bioactive compounds and nutraceuticals that might link high biological activity with good tolerance and low systemic toxicity. Polyphenols are phytochemicals found ubiquitously in plants and their regular consumption has been associated with a reduced risk of a number of chronic diseases. Newly, copiousness of evidence shows the promising role of the polyphenols on mitochondrial structure and function.Thispapersummarized the current findings concerning the capability of physical activity and selected phytochemicals to act on action of the mitochondria by the inspiration of their biogenesis

Could Polyphenolic Food Intake Help in the Control of Type 2 Diabetes? A Narrative Review of the Last Evidence

Background: Diabetes is one of the largest global public health concerns, imposing a heavy global burden on public health as well as socio-economic development, and about 90% of adults with this condition have type 2 diabetes (T2D). Introduction: Beyond the hereditary factor, there are several risk factors connected to the development of this syndrome; the lifestyles play, increasingly, a predominant role in the development of the metabolic complications related to T2D and a significant role in the onset of this syndrome is played from an unbalanced diet. Polyphenolic food is plant-based food including vegetables, fruits, whole grains, tea, coffee, and nuts. In recent years, there is growing evidence that plant-foods polyphenols, due to their biological properties, may be nutraceuticals and supplementary treatments for various aspects of T2D. Polyphenols may influence glycemia and T2D through hypoglycemic properties as reduction of insulin resistance, reduced fasting blood glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin value. Based on several in vitro, animal models and some human studies, is has been detected that polyphenol-rich products modulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, attenuate hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, improve adipose tissue metabolism, and alleviate oxidative stress and stress-sensitive signaling pathways and inflammatory processes. Methods: This manuscript summarizes human clinical trials issued within the last 5 years linking dietary polyphenols to T2D, with a focus on polyphenolic-foods typical of the Mediterranean diet. Results: Polyphenolic food can also prevent the development of long-term diabetes complications including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Conclusion: Further investigations as other human clinical studies are needed to obtain the best dose and duration of supplementation with polyphenolic food in T2D patients

The Relationship between Body Composition and Physical Fitness Performance in Handball Players

WOS: 000490561600041The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between body composition and physical fitness performance of female handball players aged 15-17. 103 female athletes who play handball in various schools in the city of Ankara in the star and youth categories volunteered to participate in the study. The athletes' body height, body weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), body fat percentage, upper body fat percentage were measured with the Tanita (BC-418) body analysis device. The right-left hand grip strength test was carried out with Takei grip-D strength dynamometer, vertical jump and standing long jump tests were carried out with Takei jump meter and throwing medicine ball with both hands test was carried out with a 5 kg. medicine ball and the 30 m speed test were carried out with photocell (New Test 2000). The data were evaluated with the SPSS 16 statistics software, Pearson Correlation Test was carried out in the statistical analysis and the significance level was determined as p<0,05. Statistically, a positive relationship was determined between the body composition of the athletes and their right-left hand grip strength and body muscle mass and all physical fitness performances and a negative relationship was determined between body fat percentage and all physical fitness parameters (p<0.05). As a result, it was determined that body composition of handball players in this age group affects physical fitness performance

Diferenças entre tela de movimento funcional e somatotipo em jovens jogadores de handebol e voleibol

Introduction. Handball and volleyball are among the world's popular sports, which are played practically in every country at different levels of competition. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in somatotype and morphological characteristics between young handball players and volleyball players as well as the differences in the results of functional body mobility tests between the tested groups. Material and Methods. The research included a sample of 23 female athletes who were divided into two subsamples, as follows. A total of 12 athletes were from the Handball team and a total of 11 athletes were from the Volleyball team.&nbsp; The following anthropometric measurements were conducted: Height and body mass, four skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, supraspinal and calf), breadths (humerus and femur diameters) and girths (arm and calf). Body mass (kg) and body fat (%) of the subjects were measured by the method of bioelectrical impedance (TANITA 545N) with an accuracy of 0.1 kg. Functional Movement Score is a scanning system which includes seven steps (i.e., deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active leg raise, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability). Results. The results of the study in female handball players recorded a higher percentage of body fat and body mass index compared to female volleyball players (p &lt;.05), while no statistically significant difference was recorded in body weight and height. Analyzing the somatotype of players, it is noticeable that handball players have higher values of endomorphism and mesomorphism, while volleyball players have higher values of ectomorphism. Statistically significant differences were observed in mesomorph and ectomorph (p &lt;.001). In the Functional Movement Screen test, it was noticeable that statistically significant differences were recorded in the two variables (Shoulder mobility and trunk stability push up) in favor of the volleyball players, as well as in the overall standings, while in the other variables no statistically significant difference was recorded. Conclusions. Determining somatotype must occupy the attention of coaches who work with young athletes. Movement-based assessment serves to pinpoint functional deficits (or bio-markers) related to proprioceptive, mobility and stability weaknesses.Introducción. El balonmano y el voleibol se encuentran entre los deportes populares del mundo, que se juegan prácticamente en todos los países en diferentes niveles de competencia. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las diferencias en el somatotipo y las características morfológicas entre los jóvenes jugadores de balonmano y voleibol, así como las diferencias en los resultados de las pruebas de movilidad corporal funcional entre los grupos evaluados. Material y métodos. La investigación contó con una muestra de 23 mujeres atletas que fueron divididas en dos submuestras, de la siguiente manera. Un total de 12 atletas eran del equipo de Balonmano y un total de 11 atletas eran del equipo de Voleibol. Se realizaron las siguientes medidas antropométricas: altura y masa corporal, cuatro pliegues cutáneos (tríceps, subescapular, supraespinal y pantorrilla), anchos (diámetros de húmero y fémur) y perímetros (brazo y pantorrilla). El peso corporal (kg) y la grasa corporal (%) de los sujetos se midieron mediante el método de impedancia bioeléctrica (TANITA 545N) con una precisión de 0,1 kg. La puntuación de movimiento funcional es un sistema de escaneo que incluye siete pasos (es decir, sentadilla profunda, paso de obstáculos, estocada en línea, movilidad del hombro, elevación activa de la pierna, flexión de estabilidad del tronco y estabilidad rotatoria). Resultados. Los resultados del estudio en jugadoras de balonmano registraron un mayor porcentaje de grasa corporal e índice de masa corporal en comparación con las jugadoras de voleibol (p &lt; 0,05), mientras que no se registró diferencia estadísticamente significativa en peso corporal y talla. Analizando el somatotipo de los jugadores, se destaca que los jugadores de balonmano tienen valores más altos de endomorfismo y mesomorfismo, mientras que los jugadores de voleibol tienen valores más altos de ectomorfismo. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en mesomorfo y ectomorfo (p &lt;.001). En el test Functional Movement Screen, se notó que se registraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las dos variables (Movilidad de hombros y estabilidad del tronco) a favor de las jugadoras de voleibol, así como en la clasificación general, mientras que en las demás variables no se registró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Conclusiones. La determinación del somatotipo debe ocupar la atención de los entrenadores que trabajan con atletas jóvenes. La evaluación basada en el movimiento sirve para identificar los déficits funcionales (o biomarcadores) relacionados con las debilidades propioceptivas, de movilidad y de estabilidad.Introdução. O handebol e o vôlei estão entre os esportes mais populares do mundo, praticados em praticamente todos os países em vários níveis de competição. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as diferenças nas características somatotípicas e morfológicas entre jovens jogadores de handebol e voleibol, bem como as diferenças nos resultados dos testes funcionais de mobilidade corporal entre os grupos avaliados. Material e métodos. A pesquisa contou com uma amostra de 23 atletas do sexo feminino que foram divididas em duas subamostras, conforme segue. Um total de 12 atletas eram da equipe de Handebol e um total de 11 atletas da equipe de Voleibol. Foram realizadas as seguintes medidas antropométricas: estatura e massa corporal, quatro dobras cutâneas (tríceps, subescapular, supraespinal e panturrilha), larguras (diâmetros do úmero e do fêmur) e perímetros (braço e panturrilha). O peso corporal (kg) e a gordura corporal (%) dos sujeitos foram medidos pelo método de bioimpedância elétrica (TANITA 545N) com precisão de 0,1 kg. A pontuação do movimento funcional é um sistema de escaneamento que inclui sete etapas (ou seja, agachamento profundo, passo com barreira, estocada em linha, mobilidade do ombro, elevação ativa da perna, flexão de estabilidade do tronco e estabilidade rotacional). Resultados. Os resultados do estudo em jogadores de handebol registraram maior percentual de gordura corporal e índice de massa corporal em comparação com jogadores de voleibol (p &lt; 0,05), enquanto não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no peso corporal e na altura. Analisando o somatotipo dos jogadores, destaca-se que os jogadores de andebol apresentam valores mais elevados de endomorfismo e mesomorfismo, enquanto os jogadores de voleibol apresentam valores mais elevados de ectomorfismo. Diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram observadas em mesomorfo e ectomorfo (p &lt;.001). No teste Functional Movement Screen, notou-se que foram registradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas duas variáveis ??(mobilidade do ombro e estabilidade do tronco) a favor dos jogadores de voleibol, bem como na classificação geral, enquanto nas demais variáveis ??não foram . uma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi registrada. conclusões. A somatotipagem deve ocupar a atenção dos treinadores que trabalham com jovens atletas. A avaliação baseada em movimento é usada para identificar déficits funcionais (ou biomarcadores) relacionados a fraquezas proprioceptivas, de mobilidade e de estabilidade

Вплив параметрів будови тіла на анаеробну силу нижніх кінцівок у футболісток

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of body composition on the anaerobic strength of the lower extremities, as well as the prediction of body composition on the results of anaerobic ability in professional football players. Materials and Method. The sample of respondents consists of female football players who compete in the highest rank of the competition, the Serbian Super League. The total number of respondents included in the study was 21 female football players (age 19.38 ± 3.69, body height 166.48 ± 6.17 cm, body weight 59.98 ± 7.09 kg). The study is of a transversal nature and testing was done in the pre-competition period. The sample of measuring instruments used in the research are body composition and assessment of anaerobic strength of the lower extremities. Assessment of body composition was performed indoors using a multifrequency bioelectric impedance (Inbody 770). Variables for estimating the anaerobic strength of the lower extremities were obtained using a bicycle ergometer (Monark 839E) in the Wingate Anaerobic Test. Results. The results of body composition show a statistically significant influence on the prediction of maximum anaerobic strength of the lower extremities in professional female football players (p &lt; 0.05), as well as on the overall work in the anaerobic zone and the mean values ​​of anaerobic strength. Regression analysis of the influence of body composition on the parameters of maximum strength in (W/kg) and fatigue rate does not show statistically significant results. Conclusion. There is a statistically significant influence of body composition, such as: body weight, lean body mass (%), muscle mass in absolute and relative values, on the values ​​of maximum anaerobic strength, mean values ​​of anaerobic strength and overall work in professional female footballers.Цель исследования – определить влияние состава тела на анаэробную силу нижних конечностей, а также прогнозирования влияния состава тела на результаты анаэробных способностей у профессиональных футболистов. Материалы и методы. Выборку респондентов составляют футболистки-женщины, которые соревнуются на самом высоком ранга соревнований, Суперлиге Сербии. Общее количество респондентов, которые были включены в исследование – 21 футболистка (возраст 19,38 ± 3,69, рост тела 166,48 ± 6,17 см, масса тела 59,98 ± 7,09 кг). Исследование носит поперечный характер, и тестирование проводилось в подготовительном периоде. Исследовались состав тела и оценка анаэробной силы нижних конечностей. Оценку состава тела проводили в помещении с использованием многочастотного биоэлектрического импеданса (Inbody 770). Переменные для оценки анаэробной силы нижних конечностей были получены с помощью велоэргометра (Monark 839E) в анаэробном тесте Wingate. Результаты. Анализ строения тела свидетельствует о его статистически значимое влияние на прогнозирование максимальной анаэробной силы нижних конечностей у профессиональных футболисток (р &lt; 0,05), а также на общую работу в анаэробной зоне и средние значения анаэробной силы. Регрессионный анализ влияния состава тела на параметры максимальной силы в (Вт/кг) и скорости усталости не показывает статистически значимых результатов. Вывод. Существует статистически значимое влияние состава тела (масса тела, нежирная масса тела (%), мышечная масса в абсолютных и относительных значениях) на значение максимальной анаэробной силы, средние значения анаэробной силы и общие показатели работы у профессиональных футболисток.Мета дослідження – визначити вплив складу тіла на анаеробну силу нижніх кінцівок, а також прогнозування впливу складу тіла на результати анаеробних здібностей у професійних футболістів. Матеріали та метод. Вибірку респондентів складають футболістки-жінки, які змагаються у найвищому рангу змагань, Суперлізі Сербії. Загальна кількість респондентів, які були включені в дослідження, – 21 футболістка (вік 19,38&nbsp;±&nbsp;3,69, зріст тіла 166,48 ± 6,17 см, маса тіла 59,98&nbsp;±&nbsp;7,09&nbsp;кг). Дослідження носить поперечний характер, і тестування проводилося у підготовчому періоді. Досліджувалися склад тіла та оцінка анаеробної сили нижніх кінцівок. Оцінку складу тіла проводили у приміщенні з використанням багаточастотного біоелектричного імпедансу (Inbody 770). Змінні для оцінки анаеробної сили нижніх кінцівок були отримані за допомогою велоергометра (Monark 839E) в анаеробному тесті Wingate. Результати. Аналіз будови тіла свідчить про його статистично значущий вплив на прогнозування максимальної анаеробної сили нижніх кінцівок у професійних футболісток (р &lt; 0,05), а також на загальну роботу в анаеробній зоні та середні значення анаеробної сили. Регресійний аналіз впливу складу тіла на параметри максимальної сили (Вт&nbsp;/&nbsp;кг) та швидкості втоми не показує статистично значущих результатів. Висновок. Існує статистично значущий вплив складу тіла (маса тіла, нежирна маса тіла (%), м’язова маса в абсолютних та відносних значеннях) на значення максимальної анаеробної сили, середні значення анаеробної сили та загальні показники роботи у професійних футболісток