On tunnel number one knots that are not (1,n)

We show that the bridge number of a $t$ bridge knot in $S^3$ with respect to an unknotted genus $t$ surface is bounded below by a function of the distance of the Heegaard splitting induced by the $t$ bridges. It follows that for any natural number $n$, there is a tunnel number one knot in $S^3$ that is not $(1,n)$.Comment: 7 page

What Parents Want: Designing an Interactive Web-Based Program to Improve Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex

Background: Parent-child communication is associated with decreased adolescent sexual risk-taking. To date, interventions targeting parent-child communication have been delivered via face-to-face formats. However, online interventions offer several advantages: cost, reach, program fidelity, anonymity and opportunity for individualized feedback. Objective: The present study sought to identify parents’ preferences regarding interactive features for a web-based program to improve parent-child communication about sex. Methods: We conducted seven focus groups with parents (n=29) in Allegheny County, PA to identify their preferences for interactive features to be included in the web program. Results: Parents identified four main interactive features: Ask the Expert, Chat Rooms, Supplementary Information Delivery Modes and Links to Face-to-Face Programming. Parents were interested in receiving individualized feedback regarding their questions/concerns, as well as online peer support. They were also interested in receiving information through other communication tools (texts, email, mail) and having the program connect them to face-to-face programs or seminars. Lastly, parents expressed their desire that the web intervention include a component for children. Conclusions: Understanding what interactive features parents want can help optimize program completion and satisfaction. Public Health Significance: Web-based programs have the potential to reach a large number of parents equipping them with new knowledge and skills to influence their adolescent’s sexual health behaviors

My Whiteness: A teacher\u27s efforts to explore the roots of her own racial identity

This Independent study is an attempt to explore the roots of my own racial identity in order to become a culturally sensitive teacher. It is preparation for teaching in a classroom where most of the children will be from a different background than my own

Shaping Spiritual Leaders: Supervision and Formation in Congregations

Reviewed by Steven McKinley

An Examination of Optimism between Gender, Race, and School Classification of Millennial Students – An Exploratory study

Optimism is defined as an individual’s approach to the expectation that good things will happen in the future and bad things are a rarity. Along with the general definition of what optimism is, many researchers have found that optimism depends on culturally embedded values and beliefs (Singh & Shukla, 2014; Lee & Mason, 2013). In addition, the relationship between optimism and positive health outcomes and well-being is well established (Coll, J.E. & Draves, P. R., 2008; Bastianello, M. R., Pacico, J. C., & Hutz, C. S., 2014). Although this is the case, little research has been found examining the differences between optimism levels in the millennial generation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences between optimism, race, gender, and school classification in the Millennial Generation. The study is designed to be a quantitative, quasi-experimental, cross-sectional descriptive study. A research questionnaire was given to students that contained demographic questions as well as the Life Orientation Test, both of which have been found to be psychometrically valid and reliable. T-tests and ANOVAs were used to determine if significant differences in the demographic characteristic variables were present between gender, race, and school classification. Although there were no significant differences between gender and optimism, there were significant differences in optimism between race and school classification in that African Americans scoring significantly lower than Caucasian Americans and underclassmen scored significantly higher than upperclassmen. Future research on optimism will be discussed

Biomechanical Comparison of Old and New Cheer Shoes in Collegiate Cheerleaders

INTRODUCTION: The sport of cheerleading requires that athletes perform with a high degree of flexibility, strength, endurance, and balance. The leading injury in cheerleading is a lateral, inversion, ankle sprain. As footwear serves as an interface between the foot and the surrounding environment, characteristics of shoes should be monitored to determine the effects on proprioceptive communication. No previous literature was found that examined the biomechanical differences between “Old” and “New” shoes in collegiate cheerleaders. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the biomechanical differences exhibited by collegiate cheerleaders while performing balance testing and step-down, landing tasks in “old” and “new” cheer shoes. METHODS: Participants included 5 male and 20 female collegiate cheerleaders (19.88 ± 1.36 years; 61.94 ± 9.33 kg; 162.70 ± 6.68 cm). Sixteen anatomical retroreflective markers were placed on each participants’ lower extremities. Participants completed randomized trials of ten balance conditions as well as step-down tasks consisting of a leveled and a tilted platform. Data collected from two days of testing was used for analysis. RESULTS: Analyses revealed no statistical significance for postural sway measures between “Old” and “New” shoes (p\u3e.05). Analyses revealed a statistically significant interaction between shoe and condition when examining the ankle joint angle during step-down tasks (F(1,24)=12.070, p=.002). Further investigation revealed main effects of both shoe (F(1,24)=85.541,

The Effects of Tactile and Visual Deterrents on Honey Badger Predation of Beehives

As human and elephant populations grow in Kenya so does human-elephant conflict. One of the most substantial contributors to this conflict, the crop-raiding behavior of elephants (Loxodonta africana), is alleviated through the use of Elephants and Bee Project\u27s beehive fences. A threat to these beehives are the honey badgers (Mellivora capensis) who try to obtain honey, causing damage to the hive and the hive to abscond. The objective of this study was to improve the effectiveness of these beehive fences through identifying and testing novel honey badger deterrent methods. On-farm experiments in Taita Taveta County, Kenya were conducted to determine if visual and tactile deterrents could reduce the frequency and severity of honey badger hive predation of the hives compared to a previously used method. Prior to the start of the study, 77.1% percent of hives absconded within a week following a honey badger attack. After the addition of the novel deterrents (motion activated light deterrent, cone baffle and hive cage deterrent), only 11.1% percent of the hives attacked by honey badgers absconded, suggesting the deterrents effectively reduced the amount of successful honey badger attacks. No relationship was found between deterrent type and amount of damage, nor for the duration and deterrent type. All deterrent methods are effectively preventing honey badgers from raiding hives with variance in the success rates and economic feasibility. This project complemented the Elephants and Bee Project\u27s ongoing research by providing much-needed insight into the role honey badger deterrents could play in preventing damage to the elephant deterring beehive fences. This research suggests management recommendations through these deterrents to not only reduce honey badger hive raiding but also to improve human-honey badger coexistence as well as human-elephant coexistence