The English Reformation and English catholic historians, 1790-1940

The aim of this work is to trace the development of Roman Catholic historical writing on the English Reformation from the years 1790 to 1940. This period embraces consecutive extremes in the experience of the English Catholic community: Cisalpinism in the first place, followed by Ultramontanism.. Catholic histories written during this period reflect the transition between the two, and show which issues in the sixteenth century excited the concern of later generations of Catholics.For them the English Reformation was not only the most important event in English history, but a touchstone for problems in their own day, providing reasons why these problems had arisen and suggesting possible solutions. Cisalpine historians, writing in the early part of the nineteenth century, concerned themselves with the English Reformation for its implications for the cause of Catholic Emancipation. They therefore turned their attention almost exclusively to the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and were anxious to show that the issues which had provoked accusations of disloyalty and the penal legislation of the reign were no longer an obstacle to improved relations. Elizabeth was perceived by these writers as a benign monarch who had been forced to repress Catholicism because of the belligerent stance of both the pope and the Society of Jesus.Once Catholic Emancipation was granted in 1829, this conciliatory tone began to be replaced by a more assertive approach, which saw the pope as an innocent victim and Elizabeth as a calculating tyrant. In addition, other contemporary issues arose which caused Catholic historians to look elsewhere in the Reformation for explanatory factors. The Romantic revival brought about a re-examination of the state of the monasteries at the time of the dissolution. The Oxford Movement resulted in a closer look at the Reformation in terms of continuity; and for the Oxford converts the Reformation became a theological rather than a political revolution. Symptomatically the Anglican liturgy of the reign of Edward VI became the focus of the debate on Anglican Orders and the possible reunion of churches. The restoration of the Jesuits in England in 1829, and their subsequent growth, resulted in a re-interpretation of the role of the Jesuits in Elizabethan England.Catholic historical writing between 1790-19^0 reveals as much, if not more, about the period in which it was written than it does about the English Reformation. Yet, if Christopher Dawson is correct, we will not know the Catholicism of the nineteenth century until we know the history that it has written

Construction and characterization of mutational targets in the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli

Elucidates the mechanism of spontaneous mutagenesis and repair at specific target sequences in the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli

Standardizing anthropometric measures in children and adolescents with new functions for egen

Abstract. A new function for egen has been developed to allow transformation of child anthropometric data to z-scores using the LMS method and the reference data available from the 1990 British Growth Reference and the 2000 US CDC Growth Reference. An additional function allows for children to be categorized according to body mass index (weight/height 2 ) using international cutoff points recommended by the Childhood Obesity Working Group of the International Obesity Taskforce

Trichoplein binds PCM1 and controls endothelial cell function by regulating autophagy

Autophagy is an essential cellular quality control process that has emerged as a critical one for vascular homeostasis. Here, we show that trichoplein (TCHP) links autophagy with endothelial cell (EC) function. TCHP localizes to centriolar satellites, where it binds and stabilizes PCM1. Loss of TCHP leads to delocalization and proteasome-dependent degradation of PCM1, further resulting in degradation of PCM1's binding partner GABARAP. Autophagic flux under basal conditions is impaired in THCP-depleted ECs, and SQSTM1/p62 (p62) accumulates. We further show that TCHP promotes autophagosome maturation and efficient clearance of p62 within lysosomes, without affecting their degradative capacity. Reduced TCHP and high p62 levels are detected in primary ECs from patients with coronary artery disease. This phenotype correlates with impaired EC function and can be ameliorated by NF-\u3baB inhibition. Moreover, Tchp knock-out mice accumulate of p62 in the heart and cardiac vessels correlating with reduced cardiac vascularization. Taken together, our data reveal that TCHP regulates endothelial cell function via an autophagy-mediated mechanism

Treatment of fecal impaction in children using combined polyethylene glycol and sodium picosulphate

Background and Aim: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is the gold standard for fecal disimpaction in constipation. A regimen of PEG combined with the stimulant laxative sodium picosulphate (SPS) produced fecal disimpaction in chronically constipated children in the community, but it is unknown if it is effective for more severe constipation. To determine the stool output and effect of a combined PEG and SPS regimen on fecaloma in children with severe constipation and impaction. Methods: Children with symptoms for a duration of >= 2 years, a palpable fecaloma, and enlarged rectum on X-ray (rectal: pelvic ratio > 0.6) were recruited from a tertiary hospital. Daily diaries recorded laxative dose, stool frequency, volume, and consistency (Bristol stool scale, BSS). Abdominal X-rays were taken on day 1 and day 8, and stool loading was assessed using the Leech score. Laxative doses were based on the child's age. The dose of PEG with electrolytes taken was 2-8 sachets (14.7 g/sachet) on days 1-2, reducing to 2-6 sachets on day 3. The SPS dose was 15-20 drops on days 2-3. Results: Eighty-nine children (4-18 years) produced a large volume of soft stool (median/inter-quartile-range: 2.2/1.6-3.1 L) over 7 days. Stool volume on X-rays decreased significantly in the colon (P <0.001). Fecalomas resolved in 40 of 89 children, while 49 needed a second high dose. Rectal: pelvic ratios did not change. Conclusions: A combined high dose of PEG and SPS on days 1 and 2 was effective in removing the fecaloma in half of the children. Administering high doses for a longer period should be tested to provide outpatient disimpaction for severe fecalomas. Rectums remained flaccid after emptying

Social cognitive processes explain bias in juror decisions

Jury decisions are among the most consequential social decisions in which bias plays a notable role. While courts take measures to reduce the influence of non-evidentiary factors, jurors may still incorporate biases into their decisions. One common bias, crime-type bias, is the extent to which the perceived strength of a prosecutor&rsquo;s case depends on the severity of the crime. Moral judgment, affect and social cognition have been proposed as core processes underlying this and other biases. Behavioral evidence alone has been insufficient to distinguish these explanations. To identify the mechanism underlying crime-type bias, we collected functional magnetic resonance imaging patterns of brain activation from mock jurors reading criminal scenarios. Brain patterns from crime-type bias were most similar to those associated with social cognition (mentalizing and racial bias) but not affect or moral judgment. Our results support a central role for social cognition in juror decisions and suggest that crime-type bias and cultural bias may arise from similar mechanisms. &nbsp;</p

Dichotomy in the NRT Gene Families of Dicots and Grass Species

A large proportion of the nitrate (NO3−) acquired by plants from soil is actively transported via members of the NRT families of NO3− transporters. In Arabidopsis, the NRT1 family has eight functionally characterised members and predominantly comprises low-affinity transporters; the NRT2 family contains seven members which appear to be high-affinity transporters; and there are two NRT3 (NAR2) family members which are known to participate in high-affinity transport. A modified reciprocal best hit (RBH) approach was used to identify putative orthologues of the Arabidopsis NRT genes in the four fully sequenced grass genomes (maize, rice, sorghum, Brachypodium). We also included the poplar genome in our analysis to establish whether differences between Arabidopsis and the grasses may be generally applicable to monocots and dicots. Our analysis reveals fundamental differences between Arabidopsis and the grass species in the gene number and family structure of all three families of NRT transporters. All grass species possessed additional NRT1.1 orthologues and appear to lack NRT1.6/NRT1.7 orthologues. There is significant separation in the NRT2 phylogenetic tree between NRT2 genes from dicots and grass species. This indicates that determination of function of NRT2 genes in grass species will not be possible in cereals based simply on sequence homology to functionally characterised Arabidopsis NRT2 genes and that proper functional analysis will be required. Arabidopsis has a unique NRT3.2 gene which may be a fusion of the NRT3.1 and NRT3.2 genes present in all other species examined here. This work provides a framework for future analysis of NO3− transporters and NO3− transport in grass crop species