Reviews

The following publications have been reviewed by the mentioned authors;An Italic Calligraphy Handbook by Carolyn Knudsen Adams, reviewed by John LancasterDesign and British Industry by Richard Stewart, reviewed by John H. CarswellDesign Graphics by David Fair and Marilyn Kenny, reviewed by D. R. JonesGCSE Craft, Design and Technology by Richard Kimbell, John Plater and Tristram Shepard, reviewed by D. R. JonesProblem Solving in Science and Technology by David Rowlands, reviewed by Peter C. MillrayTechnical Drawing, An Usborne Guide by Susan Peach, reviewed by Keith VickersTVEI and Secondary Education: a critical appraisal by Denis Gleeson, reviewed by Martin MersonWorking in Design by the Careers and Occupational Information Centre, reviewed by S. J. Lodg

Laser diode ignition activities at Sandia National Laboratories

The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: ignition subsystems, enhanced safety, optical ordnance power densities, optical ignition factors, low energy optical ordnance program, absorptance of 2-(5-cyanotetrazolato) pentaaminecobalt(III) perchlorate (CP) near 800 nm, power dependence of doped CP, system operational electrical requirements, dopant concentration effects for different CP particle sizes, ZR/KCLO4 optical ignition thresholds, and electrostatic discharge testing

The 6df galaxy survey: The near-infrared fundamental plane of early-type galaxies

We determine the near-infrared Fundamental Plane (FP) for ~10 4 early-type galaxies in the 6-degree Field Galaxy Survey (6dFGS). We fit the distribution of central velocity dispersion, near-infrared surface brightness and half-light radius with a 3D Gaussian model using a maximum-likelihood method. The model provides an excellent empirical fit to the observed FP distribution and the method proves robust and unbiased. Tests using simulations show that it gives superior results to regression techniques in the presence of significant and correlated uncertainties in all three parameters, censoring of the data by various selection effects and outliers in the data sample. For the 6dFGS J-band sample we find an FP with Re∝σ01.52±0.03Ie-0.89±0.01, similar to previous near-infrared determinations and consistent with the H- and K-band FPs once allowance is made for differences in mean colour. The overall scatter in R e about the FP is σ r = 29 per cent, and is the quadrature sum of an 18 per cent scatter due to observational errors and a 23 per cent intrinsic scatter. Because of the Gaussian distribution of galaxies in FP space, σ r is not the distance error, which we find to be σ d = 23 per cent. Using group richness and local density as measures of environment, and morphologies based on visual classifications, we find that the FP slopes do not vary with environment or morphology. However, for fixed velocity dispersion and surface brightness, field galaxies are on average 5 per cent larger than galaxies in groups or higher density environments, and the bulges of early-type spirals are on average 10 per cent larger than ellipticals and lenticulars. The residuals about the FP show significant trends with environment, morphology and stellar population. The strongest trend is with age, and we speculate that age is the most important systematic source of offsets from the FP, and may drive the other trends through its correlations with environment, morphology and metallicity. These results will inform our use of the near-infrared FP in deriving relative distances and peculiar velocities for 6dFGS galaxies

Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 in adults and children

Different neurological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults and children and their impact have not been well characterized. We aimed to determine the prevalence of neurological manifestations and in-hospital complications among hospitalized COVID-19 patients and ascertain differences between adults and children. We conducted a prospective multicentre observational study using the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) cohort across 1507 sites worldwide from 30 January 2020 to 25 May 2021. Analyses of neurological manifestations and neurological complications considered unadjusted prevalence estimates for predefined patient subgroups, and adjusted estimates as a function of patient age and time of hospitalization using generalized linear models. Overall, 161 239 patients (158 267 adults; 2972 children) hospitalized with COVID-19 and assessed for neurological manifestations and complications were included. In adults and children, the most frequent neurological manifestations at admission were fatigue (adults: 37.4%; children: 20.4%), altered consciousness (20.9%; 6.8%), myalgia (16.9%; 7.6%), dysgeusia (7.4%; 1.9%), anosmia (6.0%; 2.2%) and seizure (1.1%; 5.2%). In adults, the most frequent in-hospital neurological complications were stroke (1.5%), seizure (1%) and CNS infection (0.2%). Each occurred more frequently in intensive care unit (ICU) than in non-ICU patients. In children, seizure was the only neurological complication to occur more frequently in ICU versus non-ICU (7.1% versus 2.3%, P &lt; 0.001). Stroke prevalence increased with increasing age, while CNS infection and seizure steadily decreased with age. There was a dramatic decrease in stroke over time during the pandemic. Hypertension, chronic neurological disease and the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were associated with increased risk of stroke. Altered consciousness was associated with CNS infection, seizure and stroke. All in-hospital neurological complications were associated with increased odds of death. The likelihood of death rose with increasing age, especially after 25 years of age. In conclusion, adults and children have different neurological manifestations and in-hospital complications associated with COVID-19. Stroke risk increased with increasing age, while CNS infection and seizure risk decreased with age.</p

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reinfection: A Case Series From a 12-Month Longitudinal Occupational Cohort

Findings are described in 7 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reinfection from the National Basketball Association 2020-2021 occupational testing cohort, including clinical details, antibody test results, genomic sequencing, and longitudinal reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction results. Reinfections were infrequent and varied in clinical presentation, viral dynamics, and immune response

Open source clinical science for emerging infections

International audienc

Introducing ICT in schools in England : rationale and consequences

This paper provides a critical perspective on the attempts to promote the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in teaching and learning in England. It describes the rationale given for the introduction of ICT in terms of its potential to impact on educational standards to contribute to developing a curriculum which has more vocational/social significance and, more generally, to provide a catalyst for curriculum reform. The introduction of ICT is underpinned by the argument that schools should show a higher degree of correspondence with a wider world where the use of technology is pervasive. However, the claims made for ICT display excessive optimism and a sense of “inevitability.” ICT has had only a modest impact on schools, though impact has to be considered in the context of what can realistically be expected: the contribution of ICT has not been negligible. Future development in the use of ICT should be more measured and adaptive, taking account of the multidimensional nature of technology

Global outbreak research: harmony not hegemony

No abstract available

Lives saved by Global Fund-supported HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria programs: estimation approach and results between 2003 and end-2007

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Since 2003, the Global Fund has supported the scale-up of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria control in low- and middle-income countries. This paper presents and discusses a methodology for estimating the lives saved through selected service deliveries reported to the Global Fund.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Global Fund-supported programs reported, by end-2007, 1.4 million HIV-infected persons on antiretroviral treatment (ARV), 3.3 million new smear-positive tuberculosis cases detected in DOTS (directly observed TB treatment, short course) programs, and 46 million insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) delivered. We estimated the corresponding lives saved using adaptations of existing epidemiological estimation models.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>By end-2007, an estimated 681,000 lives (95% uncertainty range 619,000-774,000) were saved and 1,097,000 (993,000-1,249,000) life-years gained by ARV. DOTS treatment would have saved 1.63 million lives (1.09 - 2.17 million) when compared against no treatment, or 408,000 lives (265,000-551,000) when compared against non-DOTS treatment. ITN distributions in countries with stable endemic <it>falciparum </it>malaria were estimated to have achieved protection from malaria for 26 million of child-years at risk cumulatively, resulting in 130,000 (27,000-232,000) under-5 deaths prevented.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These results illustrate the scale of mortality effects that supported programs may have achieved in recent years, despite margins of uncertainty and covering only selected intervention components. Evidence-based evaluation of disease impact of the programs supported by the Global Fund with international and in-country partners must be strengthened using population-level data on intervention coverage and demographic outcomes, information on quality of services, and trends in disease burdens recorded in national health information systems.</p

Sex differences in post-acute neurological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 and symptom resolution in adults after COVID-19 hospitalization: An international multicenter prospective observational study

Although it is known that COVID-19 can present with a range of neurological manifestations and in-hospital complications, sparse data exist if these initial neurological symptoms of COVID-19 are closely associated with post-acute neurological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PANSC) and if female versus male sex impacts the symptom resolution. In this international, multicentre, prospective observational study across 407 sites from 15 countries (January/30th/2020-April/30th/2022), we report the prevalence and risk factors of PANSC among hospitalized adults and investigate the differences between males and females on neurological symptom resolution over time. PANSC included altered consciousness/confusion, fatigue/malaise, anosmia, dysgeusia, and muscle aches/joint pain, which were collected at the index hospitalization and during the follow-up assessments. The analysis considered time to resolution of individual and all neurological symptoms. Resulting times were modeled by Weibull regression, assuming mixed-case interval censoring, with sex and age included as covariates. Model results were summarized as cumulative probability functions and age- and sex-adjusted median times to resolution. We included 6,862 hospitalized adults with COVID-19, who had follow-up assessments. The median age of participants was 57 years (39.2% females). Males and females had similar baseline characteristics except that more males (vs. females) were admitted to Intensive Care Unit (30.5% vs. 20.3%) and received mechanical ventilation (17.2% vs. 11.8%). Approximately 70% of patients had multiple neurological symptoms at the first follow-up (median=102 days). Fatigue (49.9%) and myalgia/arthralgia (45.2%) were the most prevalent symptoms of PANSC at the initial follow-up. Reported prevalence in females was generally higher (vs. males) for all symptoms. At 12 months, anosmia and dysgeusia were resolved in most patients, though fatigue, altered consciousness, and myalgia remained unresolved in &gt;10% of the cohort. Females had a longer time to resolution (5.2 vs. 3.4 months) of neurological symptoms at follow-up for those with more than one neurological symptom. In multivariable analysis, males were associated with a shorter time to resolution of symptoms (Hazard Ratio=1.53; 95% Confidence Interval =1.39–1.69). Intensive Care Unit admission was associated with a longer time to the resolution of symptoms (Hazard Ratio =0.68; 95% Confidence Interval=0.60–0.77). Post-discharge stroke was uncommon (0.3% in females; 0.5% in males). Despite the methodological challenges of survey data, this international multicentre prospective cohort study demonstrates that PANSC following index hospitalization is high. Symptom prevalence was higher and took longer to resolve in females than in males. This supports that whilst males were sicker during acute illness, females were disproportionately affected by PANSC