Stress Field at Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Hydraulic fracturing stress measurements performed in four holes (USW G-1, USW G-2, USW G-3, and Ue25P1) indicate that at Yucca Mountain, the least horizontal stress S_h is less than the vertical stress S_v. Values of the greatest horizontal stress S_H are intermediate between S_h and S_v, corresponding to a normal faulting regime with values of Φ = (S_H-S_h)/(S_v-S_h) between 0.25 and 0.7. Drilling-induced hydraulic fractures seen on borehole televiewer logs indicate an S_h direction of N. 60° W. to N. 65° W. in USW G-1, USW G-2, and USW G-3. The same S_h direction is inferred from breakout orientations in USW G-2 and Ue25P1. The S_h values in the upper parts of the three USW G holes are less than the pressure of a column of water filling the borehole to the surface. Thus, the long drilling-induced hydraulic fractures in the shallow parts of these holes could have been formed in attempts to maintain circulation during drilling. These low S_h values may be intimately related to the low water table and fracture-dominated hydrology of Yucca Mountain

Molecular identification of intertidal rock oyster species in North-Eastern Australia reveals new candidates for aquaculture

Funding: This study was funded by an Advance Queensland Fellowship (AQRF10916-17RD2) to CM from the Queensland Government Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, and project 2018-118 ‘Reinvigorating the Queensland Oyster Industry’ from the FRDC on behalf of the Australian Government.Oyster aquaculture in Australia is currently centred on two species, Saccostrea glomerata (Gould, 1850) and Magallana gigas (Thunberg, 1793) which are both susceptible to disease. Disease outbreaks have caused significant losses to the industry and there is currently an appetite for diversification to mitigate risk. Development of other, native oyster species for aquaculture is limited by a poor understanding of their biodiversity and distribution, which is primarily due to the difficulty in distinguishing species based on morphology alone. In this study we sampled intertidal rock oysters from 19 localities in north-eastern Australia and performed phylogenetic analyses based on partial COI and 16S mitochondrial markers. A total of 14 distinct oyster lineages (most likely representing distinct species) were identified from the 357 specimens collected and sequenced. In total, we report the presence of 8 Saccostrea lineages, 4 Ostreinae lineages, one Magallana lineage (Magallana bilineata (Röding, 1798)a recent introduction), and one Talonostrea lineage (likely undescribed). A number of these lineages have broad distributions and attain large sizes, and several are currently cultured in other parts of the world. Although morphological identification is challenging we argue that the large size of the tropical black-lip oyster, Saccostrea lineage J, enables it to be definitively identified as Saccostrea spathulata (Lamarck 1819), thus providing taxonomic certainty for this commercially important species. The identification of these oyster lineages and their distributions is a fundamental step towards development of viable alternatives for oyster aquaculture in the region.Peer reviewe

Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Cork Harbour, Ireland using a combination of single particle mass spectrometry and quantitative semi-continuous measurements

An aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) was deployed for the measurement of the size resolved chemical composition of single particles at a site in Cork Harbour, Ireland for three weeks in August 2008. The ATOFMS was co-located with a suite of semi-continuous instrumentation for the measurement of particle number, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), sulfate and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5). The temporality of the ambient ATOFMS particle classes was subsequently used in conjunction with the semi-continuous measurements to apportion PM2.5 mass using positive matrix factorisation. The synergy of the single particle classification procedure and positive matrix factorisation allowed for the identification of six factors, corresponding to vehicular traffic, marine, long-range transport, various combustion, domestic solid fuel combustion and shipping traffic with estimated contributions to the measured PM2.5 mass of 23%, 14%, 13%, 11%, 5% and 1.5% respectively. Shipping traffic was found to contribute 18% of the measured particle number (20–600 nm mobility diameter), and thus may have important implications for human health considering the size and composition of ship exhaust particles. The positive matrix factorisation procedure enabled a more refined interpretation of the single particle results by providing source contributions to PM2.5 mass, while the single particle data enabled the identification of additional factors not possible with typical semi-continuous measurements, including local shipping traffic

Gas/particle partitioning of carbonyls in the photooxidation of isoprene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

A new denuder-filter sampling technique has been used to investigate the gas/particle partitioning behaviour of the carbonyl products from the photooxidation of isoprene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. A series of experiments was performed in two atmospheric simulation chambers at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature in the presence of NOx and at a relative humidity of approximately 50%. The denuder and filter were both coated with the derivatizing agent O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine (PFBHA) to enable the efficient collection of gas- and particle-phase carbonyls respectively. The tubes and filters were extracted and carbonyls identified as their oxime derivatives by GC-MS. The carbonyl products identified in the experiments accounted for around 5% and 10% of the mass of secondary organic aerosol formed from the photooxidation of isoprene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene respectively. Experimental gas/particle partitioning coefficients were determined for a wide range of carbonyl products formed from the photooxidation of isoprene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and compared with the theoretical values based on standard absorptive partitioning theory. Photooxidation products with a single carbonyl moiety were not observed in the particle phase, but dicarbonyls, and in particular, glyoxal and methylglyoxal, exhibited gas/particle partitioning coefficients several orders of magnitude higher than expected theoretically. These findings support the importance of heterogeneous and particle-phase chemical reactions for SOA formation and growth during the atmospheric degradation of anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbons

The 3D Facies Architecture and Petrophysical Properties of Hyaloclastite Delta Deposits : An Integrated Photogrammetry and Petrophysical Study from southern Iceland

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dougal Jerram is partly funded through a Norwegian Research Council Centres of Excellence project (project number 223272, CEED). Adam Soule, Kirstie Wright and an anonymous reviewer are thanked for their extensive comments which helped to improve the final manuscript. We thank Cynthia Ebinger for clear editorial guidance and handing of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPostprin

Study 329 continuation phase:Safety and efficacy of paroxetine and imipramine in extended treatment of adolescent major depression

OBJECTIVE: This is an analysis of the unpublished continuation phase of Study 329, the primary objective of which was to compare the efficacy and safety of paroxetine and imipramine with placebo in the treatment of adolescents with unipolar major depression. The objectives of the continuation phase were to assess safety and relapse rates in the longer term. The objective of this publication, under the Restoring Invisible and Abandoned Trials (RIAT) initiative, was to see whether access to and analysis of the previously unpublished dataset from the continuation phase of this randomized controlled trial would have clinically relevant implications for evidence-based medicine. METHODS: The study was an eight-week double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial with a six month continuation phase. The setting was 12 North American academic psychiatry centres, from 20 April 1994 to 15 February 1998. 275 adolescents with major depression were originally enrolled in Study 329, with 190 completing the eight-week acute phase. Of these, 119 patients (43%) entered the six-month continuation phase (paroxetine n = 49; imipramine n = 39; placebo n = 31), in which participants were continued on their current treatment, blinded. As per the protocol, we have looked at rates of relapse (based on Hamilton Depression Scale scores) across both acute and continuation phases, and generated a safety profile for paroxetine and imipramine compared with placebo for up to six months. ANOVA testing (generalized linear model) using a model including effects of site, treatment and site x treatment interaction was applied. Otherwise we used only descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Of patients entering the continuation phase, 15 of 49 for paroxetine (31%), 12 of 39 for imipramine (31%) and 12 of 31 for placebo (39%) completed as responders. Across the study, 25 patients on paroxetine relapsed (41% of those showing an initial response), 15 on imipramine (26%), and 10 on placebo (21%). In the continuation and taper phases combined there were 211 adverse events in the paroxetine group, 147 on imipramine and 100 on placebo. The taper phase had a higher proportion of severe adverse events per week of exposure than the acute phase, with the continuation phase having the fewest events. CONCLUSIONS: The continuation phase did not offer support for longer-term efficacy of either paroxetine or imipramine. Relapse and adverse events on both active drugs open up the risks of a prescribing cascade. The previously largely unrecognised hazards of the taper phase have implications for prescribing practice and need further exploration

Associations of sitting accumulation patterns with cardio-metabolic risk biomarkers in Australian adults

Backgroun

A Directional Crack Damage Memory Effect in Sandstone Under True Triaxial Loading

We thank J.G. Van Munster for providing access to the true triaxial apparatus at KSEPL and for technical support during the experimental program. This work was partly funded by NERC awards NE/N002938/1, NE/N003063/1, and by a NERC Doctoral Studentship, which we gratefully acknowledge. Supporting data are included in an SI file; any additional data may be obtained from JB (email: [email protected]).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Remote real-time monitoring of subsurface landfill gas migration

The cost of monitoring greenhouse gas emissions from landfill sites is of major concern for regulatory authorities. The current monitoring procedure is recognised as labour intensive, requiring agency inspectors to physically travel to perimeter borehole wells in rough terrain and manually measure gas concentration levels with expensive hand-held instrumentation. In this article we present a cost-effective and efficient system for remotely monitoring landfill subsurface migration of methane and carbon dioxide concentration levels. Based purely on an autonomous sensing architecture, the proposed sensing platform was capable of performing complex analytical measurements in situ and successfully communicating the data remotely to a cloud database. A web tool was developed to present the sensed data to relevant stakeholders. We report our experiences in deploying such an approach in the field over a period of approximately 16 months