3,270 research outputs found
Continuous Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Patients with Brain Injury: Technique and Application
Continuous ICP monitoring using the hollow screw technique has proven itself simple, safe, and reliable. The obvious advantage of continuous ICP monitoring is to provide early warning of developing mass lesions before clinical signs appear and to assess the effectiveness of therapy directed at brain edema. Its most important use, however, may be that it permits the use of depressant medications in these patients. Many of these patients have a marked tendency toward hyperthermia, severe hyperventilation, and erratic blood pressure swings. These tendencies can be most difficult to control with conventional treatment regimens. By sedating these patients, however, it is easy to override these tendencies with a respirator, a simple heat exchange mattress, and patient positioning. In many of these patients, all of the intracranial compensatory mechanisms for the maintenance of brain metabolism have been maximally taxed
Radio Sources in Galaxy Clusters at 28.5 GHz
We present serendipitous detections of radio sources at 28.5 GHz (1 cm),
which resulted from our program to image thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect
in 56 galaxy clusters. We find 64 radio sources with fluxes down to 0.4 mJy,
and within 250 arcseconds from the pointing centers. The spectral indices (S ~
\nu^-\alpha) of 54 sources with published low frequency flux densities range
from -0.6 to 2 with a mean of 0.77, and a median of 0.84. Extending low
frequency surveys of radio sources towards galaxy clusters CL 0016+16, Abell
665, and Abell 2218 to 28.5 GHz, and selecting sources with 1.4 GHz flux
density greater than 7 mJy to form an unbiased sample, we find a mean spectral
index of 0.71 and a median of 0.71. We find 4 to 7 times more sources predicted
from a low frequency survey in areas without galaxy clusters. This excess
cannot be accounted for by gravitational lensing of a background radio
population by cluster potentials, indicating most of the detected sources are
associated with galaxy clusters. For the cluster Abell 2218, the presence of
unsubtracted radio sources with 28.5 GHz flux densities less than 0.5 mJy, can
only contribute to temperature fluctuations at a level of 10 to 25 \muK. The
corresponding error due to radio point source contamination in the Hubble
constant derived through a combined analysis of 28.5 GHz SZ images and X-ray
emission observations ranges from 1% to 6%.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures, to appear in April 1998 issue of A
Photonic band structure of highly deformable, self-assembling systems
We calculate the photonic band structure at normal incidence of highly
deformable, self-assembling systems - cholesteric elastomers subjected to
external stress. Cholesterics display brilliant reflection and lasing owing to
gaps in their photonic band structure. The band structure of cholesteric
elastomers varies sensitively with strain, showing new gaps opening up and
shifting in frequency. A novel prediction of a total band gap is made, and is
expected to occur in the vicinity of the previously observed de Vries bandgap,
which is only for one polarisation
Frequent mutation of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases provides a mechanism for STAT3 hyperactivation in head and neck cancer
The underpinnings of STAT3 hyperphosphorylation resulting in enhanced signaling and cancer progression are incompletely understood. Loss-of-function mutations of enzymes that dephosphorylate STAT3, such as receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases, which are encoded by the PTPR gene family, represent a plausible mechanism of STAT3 hyperactivation. We analyzed whole exome sequencing (n = 374) and reverse-phase protein array data (n = 212) from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). PTPR mutations are most common and are associated with significantly increased phospho-STAT3 expression in HNSCC tumors. Expression of receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase T (PTPRT) mutant proteins induces STAT3 phosphorylation and cell survival, consistent with a âdriverâ phenotype. Computational modeling reveals functional consequences of PTPRT mutations on phospho-tyrosineâsubstrate interactions. A high mutation rate (30%) of PTPRs was found in HNSCC and 14 other solid tumors, suggesting that PTPR alterations, in particular PTPRT mutations, may define a subset of patients where STAT3 pathway inhibitors hold particular promise as effective therapeutic agents.Fil: Lui, Vivian Wai Yan. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Peyser, Noah D.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Ng, Patrick Kwok-Shing. University Of Texas Md Anderson Cancer Center;Fil: Hritz, Jozef. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Estados Unidos. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos. Masaryk University; RepĂșblica ChecaFil: Zeng, Yan. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Estados Unidos. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Lu, Yiling. University Of Texas Md Anderson Cancer Center;Fil: Li, Hua. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Estados UnidosFil: Wang, Lin. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Estados UnidosFil: Gilbert, Breean R.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Estados UnidosFil: General, Ignacio. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Estados UnidosFil: Bahar, Ivet. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Estados Unidos. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Ju, Zhenlin. University Of Texas Md Anderson Cancer Center;Fil: Wang, Zhenghe. Case Western Reserve University; Estados UnidosFil: Pendleton, Kelsey P.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Estados UnidosFil: Xiao, Xiao. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Estados Unidos. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Du, Yu. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Estados Unidos. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Vries, John K.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Estados UnidosFil: Hammerman, Peter S.. Harvard Medical School; Estados UnidosFil: Garraway, Levi A.. Harvard Medical School; Estados UnidosFil: Mills, Gordon B.. University Of Texas Md Anderson Cancer Center;Fil: Johnson, Daniel E.. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Estados Unidos. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Grandis, Jennifer R.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Estados Unido
Subfamily specific conservation profiles for proteins based on n-gram patterns
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A new algorithm has been developed for generating conservation profiles that reflect the evolutionary history of the subfamily associated with a query sequence. It is based on n-gram patterns (NP{<it>n,m</it>}) which are sets of <it>n </it>residues and <it>m </it>wildcards in windows of size <it>n+m</it>. The generation of conservation profiles is treated as a signal-to-noise problem where the signal is the count of n-gram patterns in target sequences that are similar to the query sequence and the noise is the count over all target sequences. The signal is differentiated from the noise by applying singular value decomposition to sets of target sequences rank ordered by similarity with respect to the query.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The new algorithm was used to construct 4,248 profiles from 120 randomly selected Pfam-A families. These were compared to profiles generated from multiple alignments using the consensus approach. The two profiles were similar whenever the subfamily associated with the query sequence was well represented in the multiple alignment. It was possible to construct subfamily specific conservation profiles using the new algorithm for subfamilies with as few as five members. The speed of the new algorithm was comparable to the multiple alignment approach.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Subfamily specific conservation profiles can be generated by the new algorithm without aprioi knowledge of family relationships or domain architecture. This is useful when the subfamily contains multiple domains with different levels of representation in protein databases. It may also be applicable when the subfamily sample size is too small for the multiple alignment approach.</p
Performance of the LHCb Vertex Detector Alignment Algorithm determined with Beam Test Data
LHCb is the dedicated heavy flavour experiment at the Large Hadron Collider
at CERN. The partially assembled silicon vertex locator (VELO) of the LHCb
experiment has been tested in a beam test. The data from this beam test have
been used to determine the performance of the VELO alignment algorithm. The
relative alignment of the two silicon sensors in a module and the relative
alignment of the modules has been extracted. This alignment is shown to be
accurate at a level of approximately 2 micron and 0.1 mrad for translations and
rotations, respectively in the plane of the sensors. A single hit precision at
normal track incidence of about 10 micron is obtained for the sensors. The
alignment of the system is shown to be stable at better than the 10 micron
level under air to vacuum pressure changes and mechanical movements of the
assembled system.Comment: accepted for publication in NIM
Genetic background modifies vulnerability to glaucoma related phenotypes in Lmx1b mutant mice
Variants in the LIM homeobox transcription factor 1-beta (LMX1B) gene predispose individuals to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), a key risk factor for glaucoma. However, the effect of LMX1Bmutations varies widely between individuals. To better understand the mechanisms underlying LMX1B-related phenotypes and individual differences, we backcrossed the Lmx1bV265D (also known as Lmx1bIcst ) allele onto the C57BL/6J (B6), 129/Sj (129), C3A/BLiA-Pde6b+ /J (C3H) and DBA/2J-Gpnmb+ (D2-G) mouse strain backgrounds. Strain background had a significant effect on the onset and severity of ocular phenotypes in Lmx1bV265D/+ mutant mice. Mice of the B6 background were the most susceptible to developing abnormal IOP distribution, severe anterior segment developmental anomalies (including malformed eccentric pupils, iridocorneal strands and corneal abnormalities) and glaucomatous nerve damage. By contrast, Lmx1bV265D mice of the 129 background were the most resistant to developing anterior segment abnormalities, had less severe IOP elevation than B6 mutants at young ages and showed no detectable nerve damage. To identify genetic modifiers of susceptibility to Lmx1bV265D -induced glaucoma-associated phenotypes, we performed a mapping cross between mice of the B6 (susceptible) and 129 (resistant) backgrounds. We identified a modifier locus on Chromosome 18, with the 129 allele(s) substantially lessening severity of ocular phenotypes, as confirmed by congenic analysis. By demonstrating a clear effect of genetic background in modulating Lmx1b-induced phenotypes, providing a panel of strains with different phenotypic severities and identifying a modifier locus, this study lays a foundation for better understanding the roles of LMX1B in glaucoma with the goal of developing new treatments
Spontaneous emission and level shifts in absorbing disordered dielectrics and dense atomic gases: A Green's function approach
Spontaneous emission and Lamb shift of atoms in absorbing dielectrics are
discussed. A Green's-function approach is used based on the multipolar
interaction Hamiltonian of a collection of atomic dipoles with the quantised
radiation field. The rate of decay and level shifts are determined by the
retarded Green's-function of the interacting electric displacement field, which
is calculated from a Dyson equation describing multiple scattering. The
positions of the atomic dipoles forming the dielectrics are assumed to be
uncorrelated and a continuum approximation is used. The associated unphysical
interactions between different atoms at the same location is eliminated by
removing the point-interaction term from the free-space Green's-function (local
field correction). For the case of an atom in a purely dispersive medium the
spontaneous emission rate is altered by the well-known Lorentz local-field
factor. In the presence of absorption a result different from previously
suggested expressions is found and nearest-neighbour interactions are shown to
be important.Comment: 6 pages no figure
Suggestion of coherent radio reflections from an electron-beam induced particle cascade
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.Testbeam experiment 576 at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory sought to make the first measurement of coherent radio reflections from the ionization produced in the wake of a high-energy particle shower. The > 10 ââGeV electron beam at the SLAC End Station A was directed into a large high-density polyethylene target to produce a shower analogous to that produced by an EeV neutrino interaction in ice. Continuous wave radio was transmitted into the target, and receiving antennas monitored for reflection of the transmitted signal from the ionization left in the wake of the shower. We detail the first run of the experiment and report on preliminary hints of a signal consistent with a radio reflection at a statistical significance of 2.36Ï
Different paths to the modern state in Europe: the interaction between domestic political economy and interstate competition
Theoretical work on state formation and capacity has focused mostly on early modern Europe and on the experience of western European states during this period. While a number of European states monopolized domestic tax collection and achieved gains in state capacity during the early modern era, for others revenues stagnated or even declined, and these variations motivated alternative hypotheses for determinants of fiscal and state capacity. In this study we test the basic hypotheses in the existing literature making use of the large date set we have compiled for all of the leading states across the continent. We find strong empirical support for two prevailing threads in the literature, arguing respectively that interstate wars and changes in economic structure towards an urbanized economy had positive fiscal impact. Regarding the main point of contention in the theoretical literature, whether it was representative or authoritarian political regimes that facilitated the gains in fiscal capacity, we do not find conclusive evidence that one performed better than the other. Instead, the empirical evidence we have gathered lends supports to the hypothesis that when under pressure of war, the fiscal performance of representative regimes was better in the more urbanized-commercial economies and the fiscal performance of authoritarian regimes was better in rural-agrarian economie
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