PAISAGENS ARQUEOLÓGICAS CHEROKEE COMO AÇÃO COMUNITÁRIA

Um programa de pesquisa e educação atualmente desenvolvido pelos próprios autores e outros membros do Tribal Historic Preservation Office of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians contribui diretamente para o desenvolvimento econômico, para a educação, e para a criação de identidades e comunidades. De fato, a arqueologia da paisagem revela como os Cherokees atravessaram o fundamental e tumultuado período entre o século dezesseis e o inicio do século dezoito, um passado silenciado nos programas de educação atuais e nos livros de história. Do ponto de vista Cherokee, as nossas origens são ligadas aos princípios de gadugi, traduzido por ‘cidade’ ou ‘comunidade,’ e tohi, ‘equilibro.’ Gadugi e tohi juntos são os pilares da identidade Cherokee. Estes princípios aparentemente abstratos são arqueologicamente perceptíveis: gadugi se entende claramente pelo estudo das relações espaciais da organização interna da comunidade, a rede de relações entre cidades e recursos regionais, artefatos e ecofatos ligados às atividades, e elementos de grande escala “não sítios”, como os caminhos e os campos agrícolas. Nossa pesquisa está concentrada sobre um tempo histórico essencial ainda que pouco estudado: os encontros coloniais do século dezesseis até o inicio do século dezoito. A arqueologia tem um papel capital em termos de justiça social e ética da gestão da paisagem cultural, fornecendo às Primeiras Nações um acesso equipável aos benefícios potenciais de paisagens culturais assim como à uma participação significativa nos planos e ações a respeito deles.An ongoing, partnered program of research and education by the authors and other members of the Tribal Historic Preservation Office of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians contributes to economic development, education, and the creation of identities and communities. Landscape archaeology reveals how Cherokees navigated the pivotal and tumultuous 16th through early 18th centuries, a past muted or silenced in current education programs and history books. From a Cherokee perspective, our starting points are the principles of gadugi, which translates as “town” or “community,” and tohi, which translates as “balance.” Gadugi and tohi together are cornerstones of Cherokee identity. These seemingly abstract principles are archaeologically detectible: gadugi is well addressed by understanding the spatial relationships of the internal organization of the community; the network of relationships among towns and regional resources; artifact and ecofact traces of activities; and large-scale “non-site” features, such as roads and agricultural fields. We focus our research on a poorly understood but pivotal time in history: colonial encounters of the 16th through early 18th centuries. Archaeology plays a critical role in social justice and ethics in cultural landscape management by providing equitable access by First Nations to the potential benefits of cultural landscapes and meaningful participation in plans and actions regarding them.Un programme de recherche et d’éducation actuellement développé par les auteurs et d’autres membres du Tribal Historic Preservation Office de la Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians contribue directement au développement économique, à l’éducation ainsi qu’à la création d’identités et de communautés. L’archéologie du paysage révèle en effet comment les Cherokees ont traversé les années du tumultueux et fondamental seizième siècle jusqu’au début du dix-huitième, un passé tu ou ignoré dans les programmes actuels d’éducation ou les livres d’histoire. Du point de vue Cherokee, nos origines sont liées aux principes du gadugi, qui se traduit par ‘ville’ ou ‘communauté,’ et tohi, ‘équilibre’. Gadugi et tohi constituent ensemble les pierres angulaires de l’identité Cherokee. Ces principes apparemment abstraits sont archéologiquement détectables : gadugi se comprend aisément via l’étude des relations spatiales de l’organisation interne de la communauté, le réseau de relations parmi les villes et les ressources régionales, les artefacts et écofacts inhérents aux activités, et les éléments à grande échelle « non sites » comme les routes et les champs agricoles. Notre recherche se concentre sur un temps historique peu étudié mais pourtant crucial : les rencontres coloniales du seizième siècle jusqu’au début du dix-huitième siècle. L’archéologie joue un rôle crucial dans la justice sociale et l’éthique de l’aménagement du paysage culturel en fournissant aux Premières Nations un accès équitable aux bénéfices potentiels des paysages culturels ainsi qu’à une participative significative au sujet des plans et actions les concernant

Wireless body area network revisited

Rapid growth of wireless body area networks (WBANs) technology allowed the fast and secured acquisition as well as exchange of vast amount of data information in diversified fields. WBANs intend to simplify and improve the speed, accuracy, and reliability of communica-tions from sensors (interior motors) placed on and/or close to the human body, reducing the healthcare cost remarkably. However, the secu-rity of sensitive data transfer using WBANs and subsequent protection from adversaries attack is a major issue. Depending on the types of applications, small and high sensitive sensors having several nodes obtained from invasive/non-invasive micro- and nano- technology can be installed on the human body to capture useful information. Lately, the use of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and integrated circuits in wireless communications (WCs) became widespread because of their low-power operation, intelligence, accuracy, and miniaturi-zation. IEEE 802.15.6 and 802.15.4j standards have already been set to specifically regulate the medical networks and WBANs. In this view, present communication provides an all-inclusive overview of the past development, recent progress, challenges and future trends of security technology related to WBANs

Performance evaluation measurement of image steganography techniques with analysis of LSB based on variation image formats

Recently, Steganography is an outstanding research area which used for data protection from unauthorized access. Steganography is defined as the art and science of covert information in plain sight in various media sources such as text, images, audio, video, network channel etc. so, as to not stimulate any suspicion; while steganalysis is the science of attacking the steganographic system to reveal the secret message. This research clarifies the diverse showing the evaluation factors based on image steganographic algorithms. The effectiveness of a steganographic is rated to three main parameters, payload capacity, image quality measure and security measure. This study is focused on image steganographic which is most popular in in steganographic branches. Generally, the Least significant bit is major efficient approach utilized to embed the secret message. In addition, this paper has more detail knowledge based on Least significant bit LSB within various Images formats. All metrics are illustrated in this study with arithmetical equations while some important trends are discussed also at the end of the paper

Fracture strength of endocrown maxillary restorations using different preparation designs and materials.

PURPOSE This study investigated the impact of preparation design and material types on fracture strength in maxillary premolars endocrowns after thermodynamic aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty two-rooted maxillary premolar crowns underwent endodontic treatment (N = 80, n = 10). The teeth were categorized into ten groups (4-mm deep with no intracanal extension lithium disilicate glass ceramic & multilayer zirconia endocrowns (LE0 & ZE0); 4-mm deep with 4-mm intracanal extension in one canal (LE1 & ZE1); 4-mm deep with 2-mm intracanal extensions in both canals (LE2 & ZE2); flat overlays with no endocore (LO & ZO); glass fiber reinforced post & core and crown (LC & ZC)). After cementation, all specimens were subjected to 1500 thermocycles and 1,200,000 chewing cycles with an axial occlusal load of 49 N. A static loading test was performed at a non-axial 45° loading using a universal testing machine and failure modes (Type I: restoration debonding; Type II: restoration fracture; Type III: restoration/tooth complex fracture above bone level; Type IV: restoration/tooth complex fracture below bone level) were evaluated using a stereoscope. Data were ananalzed using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS The endocrowns manufactured from multilayered zirconia and pressed lithium disilicate glass ceramic exhibited a fracture load ranging between 1334 ± 332 N and 756 ± 150 N, with ZC presenting the highest and LE2 the lowest values. The differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION All endocrowns tested in this study performed similar considering the different designs and materials tested. The distribution of fracture modes did not differ significantly depending on the design of the restoration and the type of material used

Jol-m M . VeiJ..l.cu A

I-OSAlamos Abstract RF plasma glow discharges are being investigated for removing and recovering radioactive elements from contaminated objects, especially those contaminated with transuranic (TRU) materials. These plasmas, using nitrogen trifluoride as the working gas, have been successful at removing uranium and plutonium contaminants from test coupons of stainless steel and aluminum surfaces, including small cracks and crevices, and the interior surfaces of relatively hard to reach aluminum pipes. Contaminant removal exceeded 99.9% from simple surfaces and contaminant recovery using cryogenic traps has exceeded 50$Z0. Work continues with the objective of demonstrating that transuranic contaminated waste can be transformed to low level waste (LLW) and to better understand the physics of the interactions between plasma and surface contaminants. This work summarizes the preliminary results from plasma decontamination from the interior of aluminum objects-the nooks and crannies experiments

FRW Cosmologies with Adiabatic Matter Creation

Some properties of cosmological models with matter creation are investigated in the framework of the Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) line element. For adiabatic matter creation, as developed by Prigogine and coworkers, we derive a simple expression relating the particle number density $n$ and energy density $\rho$ which holds regardless of the matter creation rate. The conditions to generate inflation are discussed and by considering the natural phenomenological matter creation rate $\psi =3 \beta nH$, where $\beta$ is a pure number of the order of unity and $H$ is the Hubble parameter, a minimally modified hot big-bang model is proposed. The dynamic properties of such models can be deduced from the standard ones simply by replacing the adiabatic index $\gamma$ of the equation of state by an effective parameter $\gamma_{*} = \gamma (1 - \beta)$. The thermodynamic behavior is determined and it is also shown that ages large enough to agree with observations are obtained even given the high values of $H$ suggested by recent measurements.Comment: 27 pages, 2 figures (appended as postscript files), uses LATE

Genealogical study using mitochondrial DNA

This study examines the inheritance of maternal mitochondria DNA of a selected family. The sequence analysis was done by analyzing the mitochondrial D-loop region which are the hypervariable region I (HVR I), hypervariable region II (HVR II) and hypervariable region III (HVRIII). A total of 54 buccal cell samples collected from 54 individuals of the selected family. Phylogenetic analysis was done using bootstrap test of Neighbor- Joining (NJ) and pairwise distance was to determine the genetic distance among the family members. The result of the phylogenetic analysis indicated that HVR I was the most hypervariable region compared to HVR II and HVR III. However, the combinations of the entire three HVR regions produce the best results regarding the genealogical relationship among individual members of the famil

Fracture strength of endocrown maxillary restorations using different preparation designs and materials

PURPOSE: This study investigated the impact of preparation design and material types on fracture strength in maxillary premolars endocrowns after thermodynamic aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty two-rooted maxillary premolar crowns underwent endodontic treatment (N = 80, n = 10). The teeth were categorized into ten groups (4-mm deep with no intracanal extension lithium disilicate glass ceramic & multilayer zirconia endocrowns (LE0 & ZE0); 4-mm deep with 4-mm intracanal extension in one canal (LE1 & ZE1); 4-mm deep with 2-mm intracanal extensions in both canals (LE2 & ZE2); flat overlays with no endocore (LO & ZO); glass fiber reinforced post & core and crown (LC & ZC)). After cementation, all specimens were subjected to 1500 thermocycles and 1,200,000 chewing cycles with an axial occlusal load of 49 N. A static loading test was performed at a non-axial 45° loading using a universal testing machine and failure modes (Type I: restoration debonding; Type II: restoration fracture; Type III: restoration/tooth complex fracture above bone level; Type IV: restoration/tooth complex fracture below bone level) were evaluated using a stereoscope. Data were ananalzed using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: The endocrowns manufactured from multilayered zirconia and pressed lithium disilicate glass ceramic exhibited a fracture load ranging between 1334 ± 332 N and 756 ± 150 N, with ZC presenting the highest and LE2 the lowest values. The differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: All endocrowns tested in this study performed similar considering the different designs and materials tested. The distribution of fracture modes did not differ significantly depending on the design of the restoration and the type of material used