Sintesis Poli N-Isopropilakrilamida (PNIPA)/Polityrosin (PTYR) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs) Bertanda Iodium-125

Saat ini perkembangan polimer telah semakin maju, berbagai aplikasi polimer telah dikembangkan baik di sektor energi, pangan maupun kesehatan. PNIPA/PTYR IPNs bertanda iodium-125 dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber terapi kanker. PNIPA/PTYR merupakan polimer peka temperatur. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah sintesis PNIPA/PTYR IPNs bertanda iodium-125. Polityrosin ditandai dengan iodium-125 kemudian secara simultan direaksikan dengan monomer N-isopropilakrilamida melalui polimerisasi radikal bebas dengan inisiator amonium persulfat (APS) dan tetrametiletilenediamin (TEMED) untuk memperoleh PNIPA/PTYR IPNs bertanda iodium-125. Kemurnian radiokimia PNIPA/PTYR IPNs bertanda iodium-125 diukur dengan krom atografi lapis tipis (KLT) dengan fasa gerak 2 propanol: 1 butanol: 0,2 M NH4OH. Selain Itu, stabilitas PNIPA/PTYR IPNs bertanda iodium-125 diuji pada media air. PNIPA/PTYR IPNs telah berhasil ditandai dengan iodium-125 dengan rendemen penandaan sebesar 37,6 ± 4,2 % (n = 3). Hasil pengamatan visual, ditunjukkan bahwa polimer mengalami Perubahan sifat pada temperatur 32 oC sampai dengan 34°C. Hasil H-NMR hanya menunjukkan spektrum dari polimer PNIPA. Berdasarkan pemeriksaan KLT, kemurnian radiokimia PNIPA/PTYR IPNs bertanda iodium-125 adalah 95,93%. Pengujian stabilitas polimer bertanda iodum-125 pada media air pada T = 37°C selama 2 minggu menunjukkan bahwa iodium-125 yang masih tertahan pada polimer adalah 71,3 ± 6,2 %

Long-Term Comparison of Two- and Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Analyses of Cranial Bone Defects in Severe Parietal Thinning

Parietal thinning was detected in a 72-year-old with recurrent headaches. Quantification of bone loss was performed applying two- and three-dimensional methods using computerized tomographies. Two-dimensional methods provided accurate measurements using single-line analyses of bone thicknesses (2.13 to 1.65 and 1.86 mm on the left and 4.44 to 3.08 and 4.20 mm on the right side), single-point analyses of bone intensities (693 to 375 and 403 on the left and 513 to 393 and 411 Houndsfield Units on the right side) and particle-size analyses of low density areas (16 to 22 and 12 on the left and 18 to 23 and 14 on the right side). Deteriorations between days 0 and 220 followed by bone stability on day 275 were paralleled using the changed volumes of bone defects to 1200 and finally 1133 mm3 on the left side and to 331 and finally 331 mm3 on the right side. Interfolding as measurement of the bones’ shape provided changes to −1.23 and −1.72 mm on the left and to −1.42 and −1.30 mm on the right side. These techniques suggest a stabilizing effect of corticosteroids between days 220 and 275. Reconstruction of computerized tomographies appears justified to allow for quantification of bone loss during long-term follow-up

Morphological and Tissue Characterization with 3D Reconstruction of a 350-Year-Old Austrian <i>Ardea purpurea</i> Glacier Mummy

Glaciers are dwindling archives, releasing animal mummies preserved in the ice for centuries due to climate changes. As preservation varies, residual soft tissues may differently expand the biological information content of such mummies. DNA studies have proven the possibility of extracting and analyzing DNA preserved in skeletal residuals and sediments for hundreds or thousands of years. Paleoradiology is the method of choice as a non-destructive tool for analyzing mummies, including micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Together with radiocarbon dating, histo-anatomical analyses, and DNA sequencing, these techniques were employed to identify a 350-year-old Austrian Ardea purpurea glacier mummy from the Ötztal Alps. Combining these techniques proved to be a robust methodological concept for collecting inaccessible information regarding the structural organization of the mummy. The variety of methodological approaches resulted in a distinct picture of the morphological patterns of the glacier animal mummy. The BLAST search in GenBank resulted in a 100% and 98.7% match in the cytb gene sequence with two entries of the species Purple heron (Ardea purpurea; Accession number KJ941160.1 and KJ190948.1) and a 98% match with the same species for the 16 s sequence (KJ190948.1), which was confirmed by the anatomic characteristics deduced from micro-CT and MRI

Handheld hyperspectral imaging as a tool for the post-mortem interval estimation of human skeletal remains

In forensic medicine, estimating human skeletal remains' post-mortem interval (PMI) can be challenging. Following death, bones undergo a series of chemical and physical transformations due to their interactions with the surrounding environment. Post-mortem changes have been assessed using various methods, but estimating the PMI of skeletal remains could still be improved. We propose a new methodology with handheld hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system based on the first results from 104 human skeletal remains with PMIs ranging between 1 day and 2000 years. To differentiate between forensic and archaeological bone material, the Convolutional Neural Network analyzed 65.000 distinct diagnostic spectra: the classification accuracy was 0.58, 0.62, 0.73, 0.81, and 0.98 for PMIs of 0 week–2 weeks, 2 weeks–6 months, 6 months–1 year, 1 year–10 years, and >100 years, respectively. In conclusion, HSI can be used in forensic medicine to distinguish bone materials >100 years old from those <10 years old with an accuracy of 98%. The model has adequate predictive performance, and handheld HSI could serve as a novel approach to objectively and accurately determine the PMI of human skeletal remains

Post-Mortem Interval of Human Skeletal Remains Estimated with Handheld NIR Spectrometry

Estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI) of human skeletal remains is a critical issue of forensic analysis, with important limitations such as sample preparation and practicability. In this work, NIR spectroscopy (NIRONE&reg; Sensor X; Spectral Engines, 61449, Germany) was applied to estimate the PMI of 104 human bone samples between 1 day and 2000 years. Reflectance data were repeatedly collected from eight independent spectrometers between 1950 and 1550 nm with a spectral resolution of 14 nm and a step size of 2 nm, each from the external and internal bone. An Artificial Neural Network was used to analyze the 66,560 distinct diagnostic spectra, and clearly distinguished between forensic and archaeological bone material: the classification accuracies for PMIs of 0&ndash;2 weeks, 2 weeks&ndash;6 months, 6 months&ndash;1 year, 1 year&ndash;10 years, and &gt;100 years were 0.90, 0.94, 0.94, 0.93, and 1.00, respectively. PMI of archaeological bones could be determined with an accuracy of 100%, demonstrating the adequate predictive performance of the model. Applying a handheld NIR spectrometer to estimate the PMI of human skeletal remains is rapid and extends the repertoire of forensic analyses as a distinct, novel approach

Anthropological properties and place of discovery of the measured human skeletal remains.

<p>Anthropological properties and place of discovery of the measured human skeletal remains.</p

Representative reflection (A) -, ATR (B)—and Raman (C)—spectra of forensic and archaeological bone samples are shown.

<p>II = phospholipids, proteins, nucleic acid sugars, complex carbohydrates as well as amorphous or fully hydrated sugars at 3000 cm^-1 to 2800 cm^-1, I = indicator for bone mineralization at 1042 cm^-1 and carbohydrates at 1185 cm^-1, IV = protein CH₂ deformation at 1446 cm^-1 and amide III at 1272 cm^-1, III = of ν₂ PO₄³⁻ at 450 cm^-1 and ν₄ PO₄³⁻ from 590 cm^-1 to 584 cm^-1.</p

Infrared spectroscopic chemi-maps obtained for the detection of bone mineral at 1042 cm^-1, of carbohydrates at 1185 cm^-1, of C-H deformation modes at 1450 cm^-1 to 1350 cm^-1 and of phospholipids, proteins, nucleic acid sugars, complex carbohydrates as well as amorphous or fully hydrated sugars at 3000 cm^-1 to 2800 cm^-1.

<p>Infrared spectroscopic chemi-maps obtained for the detection of bone mineral at 1042 cm^-1, of carbohydrates at 1185 cm^-1, of C-H deformation modes at 1450 cm^-1 to 1350 cm^-1 and of phospholipids, proteins, nucleic acid sugars, complex carbohydrates as well as amorphous or fully hydrated sugars at 3000 cm^-1 to 2800 cm^-1.</p

Properties of archaeological bone samples.

<p>Properties of archaeological bone samples.</p