124 research outputs found

    Biomass residues as resources : An expanded life-cycle perspective

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    Biomass residues have been identified as potentially promising resources for production of bio-based products and fuels with low climate impacts. Unlike primary biomass such as crops, using residual biomass may avoid issues such as competition over land for food and feed production. To assess the climate impacts of products made from residual biomass, a life cycle assessment (LCA) may be used, but its results are known to be sensitive to method choices. The aim of this thesis, therefore, is to better understand and illustrate how different assessment approaches affect conclusions regarding the climate impacts of different management alternatives for biomass residues.Different factors affect either the greenhouse gas emissions related to valorisation of biomass residues, or the climate impacts of those emissions. These factors range from the design of valorisation processes, including the use of enzymes and energy carriers in production, to the way LCA is applied, including how the upstream processes that the residues come from are considered, and the way in which CO2 fluxes from biomass are considered in the assessment. Finally, the method used for climate impact assessment can affect the conclusions regarding the climate-change mitigation potential, especially for forest residual biomass. Whether valorisation of biomass residues provides climate benefits therefore depends on how the bio-based products are produced, what they are compared to and when, and on the specific goal of climate-change mitigation.Valorisation strategies for residual biomass should increasingly consider the upstream processes of biomass residues, as these materials are increasingly considered valuable. When these processes are included in LCA, they can have a significant impact on the conclusions drawn in some cases of residual biomass valorisation. It is also essential to consider other valuable uses of residual biomass materials to sustain long-term productivity and sustainability of primary production systems. Both these strategies are important in circular bioeconomies, but available circularity assessment methods for bio-based products primarily focus on the former, and still fail to consider processes and inputs related to high climate impacts.The idea of valorising residual biomass into products with low climate impacts is thus more complex than at first sight, and many parameters can affect the conclusions. A better understanding of this complexity can potentially lead to a more nuanced understanding of the possibilities and risks related to using biomass residues as resources

    MaterialÄtervinning av förpackningar och tidningar - KartlÀggning och klimatnyttoanalys baserat pÄ tvÄ fallstudier

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    Med ökande avfallsmÀngder och nationella miljömÄl om en begrÀnsad klimatpÄverkan och giftfri miljö krÀvs en hÄllbar avfallshantering. Förpacknings- och tidningsavfall ska enligt producentansvar materialÄtervinnas, och enligt nationella etappmÄl cirkuleras i resurseffektiva och giftfria kretslopp. Detta arbete undersöker materialÄtervinning av tidningar samt förpackningar av papper, metall, plast och glas frÄn fyra skÄnska kommuner. Den klimatnytta som uppnÄs med materialÄtervinning uppskattas med verktyget livscykelanalys, LCA. Resultaten visar att utslÀpp av vÀxthusgaser undviks jÀmfört med ett scenario dÀr samtliga material förbrÀnns eller deponeras. Olika antaganden om bland annat miljöpÄverkan frÄn elproduktion och anvÀndningsomrÄden för Ätervunnet material pÄverkar resultaten. Dagens materialÄtervinning av förpackningar och tidningar skapar inte slutna kretslopp, vilket huvudsakligen beror pÄ att en del material förstörs, att en del Ätervunnet material Àr av sÀmre kvalitet Àn jungfruligt och att en del material förloras i Ätervinningsprocesser. MaterialÄtervinning av bland annat pappers- och plastmaterial kan dessutom medföra risker för cirkulering och exponering av oönskade Àmnen. MaterialÄtervinning av förpackningar och tidningar utgör en viktig del i att uppnÄ kretslopp för material och bidrar till det nationella miljömÄlet om begrÀnsad klimatpÄverkan. För framtiden Àr det viktigt att följa upp resurseffektiviteten i Ätervinningssystemen och att kontinuerligt omvÀrdera risker för cirkulering av oönskade Àmnen

    Franchising ur ett konkurrensperspektiv - Är regleringen för franchising tillrĂ€cklig eller finns det risk för snedvridning av konkurrensen pĂ„ den inre marknaden?

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    Franchising Ă€r egentligen ett företagsekonomiskt begrepp vars avtal berör mĂ„nga rĂ€ttsomrĂ„den sĂ„som konkurrensrĂ€tt, avtalsrĂ€tt, immaterialrĂ€tt samt arbetsrĂ€tt. Det en verksamhetsform som kombinerar ett lyckat beprövat affĂ€rskoncept med egenföretagande. Det Ă€r en specialform av ett Ă„terförsĂ€ljaravtal, men bör enligt EU-domstolens avgörande i mĂ„l C-161/84 Pronuptia de Paris, inte rĂ€knas som en distributionsform, trots att verksamhetsformen mĂ„nga gĂ„nger har inslag av just distribution. Undersökningen av franchising har gjorts ur ett konkurrensrĂ€ttsligt perspektiv. Franchising Ă€r en typ av vertikalt avtal och artikel 101 FEUF blir gĂ€llande. Franchising faller vidare in under de undantag som anges i artikel 101.3 FEUF och kommissionens gruppundantagsförordning 330/2010 för vertikala avtal och samordnade förfarande blir dĂ€rför ocksĂ„ tillĂ€mplig. Dock omnĂ€mns inte verksamhetsformen i förordningen, utan Ă„terfinns först i kommissionens riktlinjer om vertikala begrĂ€nsningar frĂ„n 2010, dĂ€r tvĂ„ punkter avser definiering av franchising och dess anvĂ€ndningsomrĂ„de. Sedan 1980-talet har franchising expanderat pĂ„ den europeiska marknaden och det kan dels bero pĂ„ den frihet parterna ges vid utformning och ingĂ„ende av avtal sinsemellan, dels pĂ„ grund av avsaknaden av omfattande reglering pĂ„ sĂ„vĂ€l EU-nivĂ„ sĂ„som nationell nivĂ„. FrĂ„gan som har utretts och analyserats i uppsatsen Ă€r om den nuvarande regleringen kring franchising Ă€r tillrĂ€cklig med tanke pĂ„ dess stora och snabba framvĂ€xt. Tillika undersökning huruvida ett franchiseavtal riskerar att det sker en snedvridning av konkurrensen pĂ„ den inre marknaden, dĂ„ konkurrensbegrĂ€nsande klausuler av olika slag, till exempel prisbestĂ€mningsklausuler, tillĂ„ts i franchiseavtalen. KonkurrensbegrĂ€nsande klausuler Ă€r tillĂ„tna i franchiseavtal pĂ„ grund av att franchisegivaren mĂ„ste ges nĂ„got slags skydd för sitt affĂ€rskoncept och dess identitet. FortsĂ€tter expansionen av franchising i samma takt som i nulĂ€get och bĂ€ttre tillsyn och reglering inte tillkommer, riskerar anvĂ€ndandet av konkurrensbegrĂ€nsande klausuler i avtalen att ge franchisegivare en otillbörlig fördel och konkurrensen pĂ„ den inre marknaden riskeras att snedvridas.Franchising is an economic concept in business law, which relates to several legal areas of law such as competition law, contract law, intellectual property law and labor law. It is a business strategy, which combines a successful proven business concept with selfemployment. Franchising is a special form of a reseller agreement, but should, according to the judgment from the EU Court of Justice in Case C-161/84 Pronuptia de Paris, not be considered as a form of distribution agreement, although the business form often have elements of distribution rights. The investigation of franchising in this paper has taken a competition law perspective on the specific characteristics of this business form. Franchising is a type of vertical agreement and Article 101 TEEU treaty is therefore applicable. Franchising falls further under the exceptions provided in Article 101.3 TEEU treaty. The Commission Regulation 330/2010 on vertical agreements and concerted practices will therefore also be relevant. However, franchising is not specifically mentioned in the Regulation but solely in the Commission Guidelines on vertical agreements from 2010. In these guidelines, two conditions related to the definition of franchising and its use can be found. Franchising’s development on the European market may partly be due to the freedom which traders are given when drafting and concluding agreements partly because of the lack of comprehensive regulation at both the European level and the national level. The issue that has been studied and analysed in this paper is whether the current regulatory framework regarding franchising is adequate, given this business model’s large and rapid expansion. In the research has also been included the question whether a franchisor could distort competition in the internal market through anticompetitive clauses of various kinds, for example price determination clauses, which is permitted in the franchising contract. Anticompetitive clauses are allowed in a franchise agreement because of the protection the franchisor must have for its business concept and its identity. If the expansion of franchising continues at the same speed as present, and better supervision and regulation are not introduced, the risk of using anticompetitive clauses in franchise agreements may provide franchisors an unfair advantage and competition within the internal market risks being distorted

    AnvÀndningen och betydelsen av RenGIS i samrÄdsprocessen med andra markanvÀndare

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    RennÀrningen bedrivs idag pÄ ca 55% av Sveriges landareal. Diskussioner och konflikter med andra markanvÀndare pÄ dessa marker har under Ären uppstÄtt och ett behov av en kunskapsbaserad dialog vÀxte. Under andra halvan av 1900-talet utvecklades olika kommunikationsverktyg för denna dialog. Det senast framtagna verktyget Àr Renbruksplaner (RBP), rennÀringens motsvarighet till skogsbrukets planeringsverktyg och RenGIS, ett geografiskt informationssystem anpassat till rennÀringen. Skogsstyrelsen har Àven tagit fram en kommunikationsplan som stöd för hur detta verktyg kan anvÀndas vid samrÄd. Syftet med detta arbete var dÀrför att studera den praktiska anvÀndningen av RenGIS vid samrÄd med andra markanvÀndare. Vidare var syftet att studera hur anvÀndningen av RenGIS relaterar till rekommendationerna i kommunikationsplanen samt hur de olika markanvÀndarna upplever att kommunikationen med RBP och RenGIS fungerar. TvÄ samebyar och representanter frÄn de andra markanvÀndarna intervjuades med hjÀlp av en i huvudsak kvalitativ metod angÄende tre samrÄd som valdes ut. De tvÄ samebyarnas förberedelse och genomförande av samrÄden gjordes pÄ liknande sÀtt och relaterade till tvÄ av kommunikationsplanens rekommendationer. Samebyarna upplevde att RBP och RenGIS bidragit till att de andra markanvÀndarna fÄtt en ökad förstÄelse för deras verksamhet, medan representanterna frÄn de andra markanvÀndarna hade delade uppfattningar om hur RenGIS fungerar som kommunikationsverktyg. Samtliga markanvÀndare upplevde dock att möjligheten att kunna spela upp GPS-positioner var det som varit mest betydande. UtifrÄn resultatet i vÄrt arbete anser vi att RenGIS Àr ett fungerande kommunikationsverktyg dÀr GPS-positionerna till stor del fungerar som ett bevismaterial för att öka trovÀrdigheten i det som samebyarna hÀvdar.Today 55 % of the total land area in Sweden is used for reindeer husbandry. Other land users as well as the reindeer husbandry are using the same land for different purposes and this has at times been a source to conflicts. Because of that, a need for a dialogue between these different land users grew. During the last half of the 20th century different methods for the dialogue have been developed. The latest of them is the development of Reindeer husbandry plans, which corresponds to the forestry plans, and RenGIS, a Geographical Information System for the reindeer husbandry. Furthermore Skogsstyrelsen has also developed a communication plan with recommendations for how these tools should be used in consultations. The purpose with this study was therefore to investigate the practical use of RenGIS in consultations with other land users. Furthermore the purpose was to study how the use of RenGIS correlates to the recommendations in the communication plan and how the different land users experience the communication with RBP and RenGIS. In this study two reindeer husbandry communities and representatives for the other land users were interviewed, mainly using a qualitative method, about three consultations that were chosen. The preparation and implementation for the consultations was done in a similar way by the reindeer husbandry communities and related to two of the recommendations in the communication plan. The reindeer husbandry communities felt that the other land users had gotten a better understanding for the reindeer husbandry communities activity since they started to use Reindeer husbandry plans and RenGIS, while the other land users had different opinions about its affects. All the land users in this study experienced that the playback of GPS positions was the most important tool in RenGIS. By the results of this study we find that RenGIS is an effective communication tool where the GPS positions serves as an evidence to enhance the credibility of the reindeer husbandry claims

    Dimensioning a energy system for the new school in Jumkil : implementing geothermal heat pump, photovoltaic system and battery storage

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    The purpose of this study is to develop a modern and energy efficient system solution for a school in Jumkil, combining solar power, battery storage and geothermal heat pump system. By using models, simulations and available literature the study examines the dimensions of the included components for optimal coverage of the schools energy demand. The type of solar cells used is monochrystalline silicon solar cells and from an economical point of view, the installed effect should be 55 kWp. For such a solution the optimal battery capacity is 60 kWh and the battery technique used is vanadium redox flow battery. The vanadium redox flow battery technique is safe, have a long lifetime as well as a high depth of discharge. Implementing a smaller photovoltaic plant of 22 kWp reduces the need of battery capacity to 20 kWh. The battery is used for several applications, for example storage of the excess solar production and reducing the power peaks to eliminate expensive charge. An inverter heat pump of 79 kW is installed to cover the heat demand. The study also shows that a geothermal automatically controlled heat pump combined with floor heating is the best combination to reduce electricity costs annually. In interaction with the self-produced power and the vanadium redox flow battery the system allows the school to reduce their electricity consumption and thus the need of buying power from the grid decreases.Syftet med studien Ă€r att designa en modern och energieffektiv systemlösning för en skola i Jumkil dĂ€r systemlösningen bestĂ„r av en solcellsanlĂ€ggning, ett batterilager och en varvtalsstyrd vĂ€rmepump. Genom att anvĂ€nda modeller, simuleringar och tillgĂ€nglig litteratur undersöker studien vilka dimensioner de olika komponenterna bör ha för att tĂ€cka skolans vĂ€rme- och elbehov. Solcellerna som implementeras Ă€r av typen monokristallina kiselsolceller och frĂ„n ett ekonomiskt perspektiv bör den installerade effekten vara 55 kWp. För en sĂ„dan lösning Ă€r den optimala batterikapaciteten 60 kWh och Ă€r av typen flödesbatteri. Fördelarna med flödesbatterier Ă€r att de Ă€r sĂ€kra, har lĂ„ng livslĂ€ngd och stort urladdningsdjup. Om en mindre solcellsanlĂ€ggning med en installerad effekt pĂ„ 22 kWp installeras kan batterikapaciteten reduceras till 20 kWh. Batteriet anvĂ€nds bland annat för att lagra överskottet av producerad solel och för att kapa effekttoppar vilket minskar kostnaderna för inköpt el. Även en bergvĂ€rmepump med en effekt pĂ„ 79 kW installeras för att tĂ€cka vĂ€rmebehovet. Studien visar att kombinationen av bergvĂ€rmepumpen och golvvĂ€rme Ă€r det bĂ€sta sĂ€ttet att minska Ă„rliga elkostnader. Tillsammans med den egenproducerade elen och flödesbatteriet kan skolan minska sin elförbrukning och pĂ„ sĂ„ sĂ€tt minska behovet av att köpa el frĂ„n nĂ€tet

    Effects of chirality on the intracellular localization of binuclear ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes

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    Interest in binuclear ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes as luminescent cellular imaging agents and for biomedical applications is increasing rapidly. We have investigated the cellular localization, uptake, and biomolecular interactions of the pure enantiomers of two structural isomers of [Ό-bipb(phen)4Ru2]4+ (bipb is bis(imidazo[4,5-f]-1,10-phenanthrolin-2-yl)benzene and phen is 1,10-phenanthroline) using confocal laser scanning microscopy, emission spectroscopy, and linear dichroism. Both complexes display distinct enantiomeric differences in the staining pattern of fixed cells, which are concluded to arise from chiral discrimination in the binding to intracellular components. Uptake of complexes in live cells is efficient and nontoxic at 5 ΌM, and occurs through an energy-dependent mechanism. No differences in uptake are observed between the structural isomers or the enantiomers, suggesting that the interactions triggering uptake are rather insensitive to structural variations. Altogether, these findings show that the complexes investigated are promising for future applications as cellular imaging probes. In addition, linear dichroism shows that the complexes exhibit DNA-condensing properties, making them interesting as potential gene delivery vectors

    Remifentanil patient controlled analgesia versus epidural analgesia in labour. A multicentre randomized controlled trial

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    Contains fulltext : 109349.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Pain relief during labour is a topic of major interest in the Netherlands. Epidural analgesia is considered to be the most effective method of pain relief and recommended as first choice. However its uptake by pregnant women is limited compared to other western countries, partly as a result of non-availability due to logistic problems. Remifentanil, a synthetic opioid, is very suitable for patient controlled analgesia. Recent studies show that epidural analgesia is superior to remifentanil patient controlled analgesia in terms of pain intensity score; however there was no difference in satisfaction with pain relief between both treatments. METHODS/DESIGN: The proposed study is a multicentre randomized controlled study that assesses the cost-effectiveness of remifentanil patient controlled analgesia compared to epidural analgesia. We hypothesize that remifentanil patient controlled analgesia is as effective in improving pain appreciation scores as epidural analgesia, with lower costs and easier achievement of 24 hours availability of pain relief for women in labour and efficient pain relief for those with a contraindication for epidural analgesia.Eligible women will be informed about the study and randomized before active labour has started. Women will be randomly allocated to a strategy based on epidural analgesia or on remifentanil patient controlled analgesia when they request pain relief during labour. Primary outcome is the pain appreciation score, i.e. satisfaction with pain relief.Secondary outcome parameters are costs, patient satisfaction, pain scores (pain-intensity), mode of delivery and maternal and neonatal side effects.The economic analysis will be performed from a short-term healthcare perspective. For both strategies the cost of perinatal care for mother and child, starting at the onset of labour and ending ten days after delivery, will be registered and compared. DISCUSSION: This study, considering cost effectiveness of remifentanil as first choice analgesia versus epidural analgesia, could strongly improve the care for 180.000 women, giving birth in the Netherlands yearly by giving them access to pain relief during labour, 24 hours a day. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Dutch Trial Register NTR2551, http://www.trialregister.nl

    TOI-836 : a super-Earth and mini-Neptune transiting a nearby K-dwarf

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    Funding: TGW, ACC, and KH acknowledge support from STFC consolidated grant numbers ST/R000824/1 and ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant ST/R003203/1.We present the discovery of two exoplanets transiting TOI-836 (TIC 440887364) using data from TESS Sector 11 and Sector 38. TOI-836 is a bright (T = 8.5 mag), high proper motion (∌200 mas yr−1), low metallicity ([Fe/H]≈−0.28) K-dwarf with a mass of 0.68 ± 0.05 M⊙ and a radius of 0.67 ± 0.01 R⊙. We obtain photometric follow-up observations with a variety of facilities, and we use these data-sets to determine that the inner planet, TOI-836 b, is a 1.70 ± 0.07 R⊕ super-Earth in a 3.82 day orbit, placing it directly within the so-called ‘radius valley’. The outer planet, TOI-836 c, is a 2.59 ± 0.09 R⊕ mini-Neptune in an 8.60 day orbit. Radial velocity measurements reveal that TOI-836 b has a mass of 4.5 ± 0.9 M⊕, while TOI-836 c has a mass of 9.6 ± 2.6 M⊕. Photometric observations show Transit Timing Variations (TTVs) on the order of 20 minutes for TOI-836 c, although there are no detectable TTVs for TOI-836 b. The TTVs of planet TOI-836 c may be caused by an undetected exterior planet.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
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