Photoionenspektroskopie an Schwefelchloridpentafluorid SF5Cl, das lonisationspotential von Schwefelpentafluorid SF5

The appearance potentials of fragment ions from SF5Cl have been measured in the energy range 12 - 20 eV by means of photoionization mass spectrometry. From these data, the ionization potential of SF5 comes to 9.65 eV

Desempenho de ovelhas e cordeiros manejados com diferentes métodos de pastoreio e ofertas de forragem em campo natural

The objective of was to determine the influence of grazing methods with a relatively low or high herbage allowance in the first 84 gestation days on ewes/lambs daily weight gain (DWG) and area production. The study was conducted at an 8.4 ha natural grassland in South Brazil. During the winter, early pregnancy ewes were submitted to two grazing methods (continuous (CS) and rotative (RS) stoking) and two herbage allowances (HA; 12 and 18% live weight)), resulting in four treatments: CS18, CS12, RS18 and RS12. It was measured the DWG and body condition score (BCS) from ewes and from ewes and lambs after born, as well lambs area production. During the winter only the HA change the DWG from the ewes. During the spring differences were found only in the lambs DWG from grazing method, been higher in CS. A grazing method × HA interaction indicate that the higher lambs area production was achieved in the CS12 treatment. The results indicate that the grazing methods and HA had a little influence in the animal performance over winter and the herbage could be better used in this period.O objetivo foi determinar a influência dos métodos de pastoreio com uma relativa baixa e alta oferta de forragem nos primeiros 84 dias de gestação no desempenho de ovelhas e seus cordeiros após o nascimento. O trabalho foi conduzido em 8,4 ha de campo natural, quando os animais foram submetidos a diferentes métodos de pastoreio (lotação contínua (LC) e rotativa (LR)) e ofertas de forragem (OF, 12 e 18% do peso vivo (PV)), gerando quatro tratamentos: LC12, LC18, LR12 e LR18. Foi medido o ganho médio diário (GMD) das ovelhas e cordeiros e a condição corporal das ovelhas assim como a produção de cordeiros por área. No inverno o GMD somente foi modificado pelas OF. Na primavera, somente o GMD dos cordeiros apresentou efeito e somente para métodos de pastoreio, sendo o melhor desempenho encontrado nos cordeiros nascidos de ovelhas manejadas no inverno sob LC. Uma interação métodos × OF indicou que a maior produção por área de cordeiros foi no obtida em LC12. Os resultados indicam que os métodos de pastoreio e as OF tem pouca influência no desempenho animal no inverno e pode-se fazer uma melhor utilização da forragem neste período

Stabilities of nanohydrated thymine radical cations: insights from multiphoton ionization experiments and ab initio calculations

Multi-photon ionization experiments have been carried out on thymine-water clusters in the gas phase. Metastable H2O loss from T+(H2O)n was observed at n ≥ 3 only. Ab initio quantum-chemical calculations of a large range of optimized T+(H2O)n conformers have been performed up to n = 4, enabling binding energies of water to be derived. These decrease smoothly with n, consistent with the general trend of increasing metastable H2O loss in the experimental data. The lowest-energy conformers of T+(H2O)3 and T+(H2O)4 feature intermolecular bonding via charge-dipole interactions, in contrast with the purely hydrogen-bonded neutrals. We found no evidence for a closed hydration shell at n = 4, also contrasting with studies of neutral clusters

Fragmentation processes of ionized 5-fluorouracil in the gas phase and within clusters

We have measured mass spectra for positive ions produced from neutral 5-fluorouracil by electron impact at energies from 0 to 100 eV. Fragment ion appearance energies of this (radio-)chemotherapy agent have been determined for the first time and we have identified several new fragment ions of low abundance. The main fragmentations are similar to uracil, involving HNCO loss and subsequent HCN loss, CO loss, or FCCO loss. The features adjacent to these prominent peaks in the mass spectra are attributed to tautomerization preceding the fragmentation and/or the loss of one or two additional hydrogen atoms. A few fragmentions are distinct for 5-fluorouracil compared to uracil, most notably the production of the reactive moiety CF+. Finally, multiphoton ionization mass spectra are compared for 5-fluorouracil from a laser thermal desorption source and from a supersonic expansion source. The detection of a new fragment ion at 114 u in the supersonic expansion experiments provides the first evidence for a clustering effect on the radiation response of 5-fluorouracil. By analogy with previous experiments and calculations on protonated uracil, this is assigned to NH3 loss from protonated 5-fluorouracil

Impact of primary kidney disease on the effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease: secondary analyses of the EMPA-KIDNEY trial

Background: The EMPA KIDNEY trial showed that empagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary composite outcome of kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death in patients with chronic kidney disease mainly through slowing progression. We aimed to assess how effects of empagliflozin might differ by primary kidney disease across its broad population. Methods: EMPA-KIDNEY, a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, was conducted at 241 centres in eight countries (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the UK, and the USA). Patients were eligible if their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 20 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or 45 to less than 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of 200 mg/g or higher at screening. They were randomly assigned (1:1) to 10 mg oral empagliflozin once daily or matching placebo. Effects on kidney disease progression (defined as a sustained ≥40% eGFR decline from randomisation, end-stage kidney disease, a sustained eGFR below 10 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or death from kidney failure) were assessed using prespecified Cox models, and eGFR slope analyses used shared parameter models. Subgroup comparisons were performed by including relevant interaction terms in models. EMPA-KIDNEY is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03594110. Findings: Between May 15, 2019, and April 16, 2021, 6609 participants were randomly assigned and followed up for a median of 2·0 years (IQR 1·5–2·4). Prespecified subgroupings by primary kidney disease included 2057 (31·1%) participants with diabetic kidney disease, 1669 (25·3%) with glomerular disease, 1445 (21·9%) with hypertensive or renovascular disease, and 1438 (21·8%) with other or unknown causes. Kidney disease progression occurred in 384 (11·6%) of 3304 patients in the empagliflozin group and 504 (15·2%) of 3305 patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·71 [95% CI 0·62–0·81]), with no evidence that the relative effect size varied significantly by primary kidney disease (pheterogeneity=0·62). The between-group difference in chronic eGFR slopes (ie, from 2 months to final follow-up) was 1·37 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (95% CI 1·16–1·59), representing a 50% (42–58) reduction in the rate of chronic eGFR decline. This relative effect of empagliflozin on chronic eGFR slope was similar in analyses by different primary kidney diseases, including in explorations by type of glomerular disease and diabetes (p values for heterogeneity all >0·1). Interpretation: In a broad range of patients with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression, including a wide range of non-diabetic causes of chronic kidney disease, empagliflozin reduced risk of kidney disease progression. Relative effect sizes were broadly similar irrespective of the cause of primary kidney disease, suggesting that SGLT2 inhibitors should be part of a standard of care to minimise risk of kidney failure in chronic kidney disease. Funding: Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, and UK Medical Research Council