The Protection of Equal Treatment under the Code of Administrative Proceedings– between Truth and Illusion

This article deals with the issue of equal treatment principle protection under the administrative proceedings. It discovers the essence of the principle under the Polish Constitution, the EU Treaties, and the Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, together with the views of the case-law of the Constitutional Tribunal, European Court of Justice, and the Court of Human Rights. The author reveals the fact, that Poland was the only Member State which amended the administrative proceedings in order to fulfil the non-discrimination directives’ goals which turned out to be an inappropriate, unsatisfactory decision. In addition to failing to adopt one of the directives related to equal treatment principle on time, the provision added to the Code seems to be superfluous, difficult to operate, and – distorting the fundamental principles of the proceedings, including the equal treatment principle itself. The conclusion of the article consists of a few proposals for remedies against the described law-making defect

Innovativeness of Polish manufacturing enterprises in 2008-2015

Purpose – The aim of the article is an attempt to estimate the level of innovativeness of Polish manufacturing enterprises conducting their activity in the years 2008-2015. Research method – The study was divided into three stages. First stage – estimation of synthetic innovativeness indicators of manufacturing enterprises operating in Poland (2008 – 2015) – general and broken down into individual departments of the manufacturing sector. Second stage – estimation of the main descriptive statistics of the synthetic innovativeness indicator of Polish manufacturing enterprises (2008-2015) – average, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, median, minimum value, maximum value. Third stage – creating a ranking of innovativeness of Polish manufacturing enterprises representing individual departments of sector C and conducting their activity in 2015. The ranking was based on a synthetic innovativeness indicator of Polish manufacturing enterprises for 2015. Results – The study shows that the synthetic index of innovativeness of Polish enterprises in the manufacturing sector in 2009-2015 is characterized by an upward trend. Department C20 came first in the ranking of innovativeness of Polish manufacturing enterprises by individual departments of sector C (manufacturing) operating in 2015, whereas department C13-15 ranked last. Originality – Estimation, statistical evaluation of the synthetic innovativeness indicator of Polish manufacturing enterprises and creating a ranking of innovativeness of Polish manufacturing enterprises by individual departments of sector C conducting their activity in 2015.Anita Joanna FAJCZAK-KOWALSKA: [email protected] Klaudia KOWALSKA: [email protected] Joanna FAJCZAK-KOWALSKA, PhD - Institute of Information Technology, Technical University of LodzMagdalena Klaudia KOWALSKA, MSc - Faculty of Economics and Sociology, University of LodzBaruk J., 2002, Innowacje, kultura innowacyjna i poziom innowacyjności przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych, „Gospodarka Narodowa”, nr 11-12, s. 78-84.Dec P., Szczerbak M., 2015, Specyfika rachunkowości i ocena kondycji przedsiębiorstwa przemysłowego, [w:] Przedsiębiorstwo przemysłowe w Polsce, Poniatowska-Jaksch M., Sobiecki R. (red.), Oficyna Wydawnicza Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie, Warszawa.Duraj J., Papiernik-Wojdera M., 2010, Przedsiębiorczość i innowacyjność, Difin, Warszawa.Dziekański P., 2014, Koncepcja wskaźnika syntetycznego oceny poziomu rozwoju gmin wiejskich województwa świętokrzyskiego w warunkach globalizacji, „Zeszyty Naukowe Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego”, t. 14(29), z. 3, s. 61-70.Fagerberg J., 2005, Innovation a guide to the literature, DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286805.003.0001, http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/ 9780199286805.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199286805-e-1 [date of entry: 24.04.2019].Freeman Ch., 1994, The economics of technical change, “Cambrige Jurnal of Economics”, vol. 18, iss. 5, pp. 463-514.Juchniewicz M., 2011, Innowacje nietechnologiczne w przemyśle spożywczym, „Roczniki Naukowe SERiA”, t. XIII, nr 2, s. 159-164.Kotler P., 1994, Marketing. Analiza, planowanie, wdrażanie i kontrola, Gebethner & Ska, Warszawa.Mansfield E., 1968, Industrial Research and Technological Innovation, WW Norton, New York.Misztal A., 2017, Otwarte innowacje w polskich przedsiębiorstwach – ewaluacja, „Zeszyty Naukowe Małopolskiej Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Tarnowie”, t. 33, nr 1, s. 27-37.Nowak E., 1995, Rachunkowość menedżerska, Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej im. Oskara Langego we Wrocławiu, Wrocław.Parker J., 1978, The economics of innovation. The national and multinational enterprise in technological change, Longman, London.Schumpeter J., 1960, Teoria rozwoju gospodarczego, PWN, Warszawa.Sikora J., Uziębło A., 2013, Innowacja w przedsiębiorstwie – próba zdefiniowania, „Zarządzanie i Finanse”, t. 2, nr 2, s. 351-376.Szymańska A., 2012, Innowacyjność produktowa przedsiębiorstw produkcyjnych a preferencje konsumentów, „Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego”, nr 20, s. 147-161.Tokarski J., 1980, Słownik wyrazów obcych, PWN, Warszawa.Ulbrych M., 2017, Główne tendencje w rozwoju handlu zagranicznego wyrobami polskiego przetwórstwa przemysłowego, „Horyzonty Polityki”, nr 8(22), s. 151-167, DOI: 10.17399/HP.2017.082208.Zastempowski, M., 2010, Uwarunkowania budowy potencjału innowacyjnego polskich małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń.www 1, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/nomenclatures/index.cfm?TargetUrl=LST_NOM_DTL&StrNom=NACE_REV2&StrLanguageCode=PL&IntPcKey=18512354&StrLayoutCode=HIERARCHIC [date of entry: 24.04.2019].www 2, https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/oslo-manual-2018_9789264304604-en#page27 [date of entry: 14.09.2019].1(99)485

The role of X-ray spectroscopy in understanding the geometric and electronic structure of nitrogenase

AbstractX-ray absorption (XAS) and X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) provide element specific probes of the geometric and electronic structures of metalloprotein active sites. As such, these methods have played an integral role in nitrogenase research beginning with the first EXAFS studies on nitrogenase in the late 1970s. Herein, we briefly explain the information that can be extracted from XAS and XES. We then highlight the recent applications of these methods in nitrogenase research. The influence of X-ray spectroscopy on our current understanding of the atomic structure and electronic structure of iron molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco) is emphasized. Contributions of X-ray spectroscopy to understanding substrate interactions and cluster biosynthesis are also discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fe/S proteins: Analysis, structure, function, biogenesis and diseases

Zdrowie człowieka jako przedmiot ochrony prawa administracyjnego

Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00

Medical Ethics in the Era of the Commercialization of Healthcare Services in Poland

The purpose of this article is to present the problem of the topicality of the Medical Code of Ethics functioning in the economic and legal environment. The subject of information asymmetry, which occurs in the health sector, has been widely commented on. There were objections raised by people who referred to the current standards and attitudes shown by members of the medical community. Attention was paid to factors affecting the functioning of medical entities and the decision‑making process connected with patient treatment. The level of medical care was assessed in view of the research conducted in July 2013 in Lower Silesia

Spectrally selective fluorescence imaging of Chlorobaculum tepidum reaction centers conjugated to chelator-modified silver nanowires

A polyhistidine tag (His-tag) present on Chlorobaculum tepidum reaction centers (RCs) was used to immobilize photosynthetic complexes on a silver nanowire (AgNW) modified with nickel-chelating nitrilo-triacetic acid (Ni-NTA). The optical properties of conjugated nanostructures were studied using wide-field and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Plasmonic enhancement of RCs conjugated to AgNWs was observed as their fluorescence intensity dependence on the excitation wavelength does not follow the excitation spectrum of RC complexes in solution. The strongest effect of plasmonic interactions on the emission intensity of RCs coincides with the absorption spectrum of AgNWs and is observed for excitation into the carotenoid absorption. From the absence of fluorescence decay shortening, we attribute the emission enhancement to increase of absorption in RC complexes

Investigation of trace element concentration in diabetic rat's tissues

Diabetes is one of the most frequent diseases in developing countries and thus there is a significant interest in diabetes related studies. It was found that vanadium compounds have glucose-lowering properties in diabetes and therefore it is very important to estimate the vanadium dose in diabetes treatment. On the other hand, the proper estimation of vanadium concentration is important due to side effects that occur in vanadium supplementation. In this study the influence of V(IV) and V(V) compounds with different ligands on the concentration of K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in selected rat’s tissues was investigated by means of proton induced X-ray emission technique. As a result of the measurements it was found that the concentration of vanadium depends on the organ. The highest value was determined in spleen while the lowest in pancreas. It was also found that the concentration of other elements depends on the presence of vanadium and its concentration. The most meaningful influence of vanadium presence was on iron concentration in spleen, on copper and zinc in kidney, and on manganese in pancreas

Health safety of dietary supplements. New legal regulations after government control of the agency NIK

Subject of study The paper presents the proposed legal regulations regarding the safety of dietary supplements marketed in the territory of the Republic of Poland. Many of the proposed changes are in line with the European Union law, which treats dietary supplements as foodstuffs and nutritional substances. Purpose of research The aim of this paper was to analyze the results of the the NIK audit concerning the marketing of dietary supplements in the context of legal regulations in force in Poland and worldwide, postulated legislative improvements and literature on the subject. Material and methods The analysis of the proposed legal changes in the area of ​​dietary supplements marketed in the territory of the Republic of Poland was based on a public report of the government control agency of the Supreme Audit Office. Report "Introduction of dietary supplements to the market" was a continuation of the earlier report "Admission to marketing of dietary supplements", which analyzed the legal principles related to the marketing of these products. In connection with the irregularities revealed during the first inspection, the Supreme Audit Office recommended the implementation of legislative improvements in the area of ​​supervision over the marketing of dietary supplements. Results The NIK audit showed that the proper level of safety of dietary supplements was not ensured, which may be a real threat to the health of their users. State authorities responsible for monitoring the safety of such products performed their tasks unreliably. Supervision over the health quality of products placed on the market, as well as nutritional education related to their operation, were ineffective. Irregularities resulted from inadequate legislative solutions in the field of placing dietary supplements on the market for the first time and in the field of advertising these products. The need to undertake targeted legislative actions aimed at introducing new comprehensive legal solutions in the area of ​​safety of dietary supplements was indicated. Due to the fact that dietary supplements are widely available and purchased by consumers without a prescription in pharmacies, pharmacy outlets and online pharmacies, the results of the Supreme Audit Office audit are important for the pharmaceutical community. The role of the pharmacist is among others advising the patient on the choice of a dietary supplement appropriate for his age, sex and health condition and providing reliable information about possible interactions, contraindications to use or the method of taking this product. Before dispensing the product, the pharmacist should make sure for whom it is purchased and whether the patient knows what he is buying and how he should use the purchased preparation. Considering such wide competences of a pharmacist, knowledge about the safety of recommended products is an element of professionalism and responsibility for the life and health of consumers. Conclusions The aim of the introduced legal regulations should be to ensure a safe and transparent market for dietary supplements for the consumer. The above is to be achieved both through adequate legal changes in the above-mentioned area, as well as due to high fines for violating applicable laws. Key words: dietary supplements, control, safety, NIK repor

Assessment of arterial stiffness in Marfan syndrome and marfanoid phenotype

Wstęp. Zespół Marfana jest uwarunkowaną genetycznie chorobą tkanki łącznej spowodowaną nieprawidłową syntezą białka fibryliny. U chorych występuje wiele objawów klinicznych, zwłaszcza wiązanych z układem sercowo- naczyniowym, szkieletem i narządem wzroku. Fenotyp marfanoidalny definiuje się jako występowanie niektórych cech zespołu Marfana, jednak niespełniających kryteriów rozpoznania tego zespołu. Nieprawidłowa synteza fibryliny powoduje zaburzenia struktury włókien elastycznych. To prowadzi do zwiększenia sztywności tętnic, którą można mierzyć za pomocą szybkości fali tętna (PWV, pulse wave velocity) i wskaźnika wzmocnienia (AI, augmentation index). Materiał i metody. Do badania włączono 72 chorych z podejrzeniem zespołu Marfana. Na podstawie zmodyfikowanych kryteriów Ghenta chorych podzielono na dwie grupy: u 37 osób rozpoznano zespół Marfana, a u 35 stwierdzono fenotyp marfanoidalny. W badaniu uwzględniono ponadto grupę kontrolną złożoną z 36 zdrowych osób. Wartości PWV i AI uzyskano metodą tonometrii aplanacyjnej. Wyniki. Średnia wartość PWV była wyższa u osób z zespołem Marfana niż w grupie z fenotypem marfanoidalnym i w grupie kontrolnej. Najniższą wartość PWV stwierdzono u osób z fenotypem marfanoidalnym. Najwyższą średnią wartością AI cechowała się grupa z zespołem Marfana, natomiast najniższą — osoby z fenotypem marfanoidalnym. Wnioski. U chorych z zespołem Marfana wartości PWV i AI były wyższe niż u osób z fenotypem marfanoidalnym i zdrowych osób z grupy kontrolnej. Najniższe wartości PWV i AI stwierdzono u osób z fenotypem marfanoidalnym. Chorzy ci są wyżsi niż pozostali, jednak w ich przypadku ściany tętnic mają zwykle prawidłową budowę, co zapewnia korzystne warunki hemodynamiczne.Introduction. Marfan syndrome is a hereditary connective tissue disorder caused by impaired synthesis of a fibrillin protein. This results in a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, in particular cardiovascular, skeletal and ocular features. Marfanoid phenotype is defined as manifesting some features of Marfan syndrome, but not fulfilling the criteria of the diagnosis. Abnormal synthesis of the fibrillin is the reason of impairment of elastic fibers. This effects in increasing arterial stiffness, which can be characterized by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AI). Material and methods. Study included 72 patients suspected of Marfan syndrome. On the basis of modified Ghent criteria they were divided into two groups: 37 patients were diagnosed with Marfan syndrome and 35 patients were classified as marfanoid phenotype. Research included also 36 healthy controls. PWV and AI values were obtained by applanation tonometry method. Results. Mean PWV is higher in Marfan syndrome rather than marfanoid phenotype and healthy controls. The lowest mean value of PWV was found among patients with marfanoid phenotype. The highest mean AI value was presented in Marfan syndrome. The lowest mean AI was obtained in a group with marfanoid phenotype. Conclusions. Patients with Marfan syndrome are presenting higher values of PWV and AI than patients with marfanoid phenotype or healthy controls. The lowest values of PWV and AI were obtained among patients with marfanoid phenotype. Patients like these are taller than the others, however, their arterial walls most likely have correct structure, which causes beneficial hemodynamic conditions

Effects of vanadium complexes supplementation on V, Cu, Mn, K, Fe, Zn, and Ca concentration in STZ diabetic rats pancreas

The objective of the study was to assess the effects of Na[V V O(O 2 ) 2 (2,2í-bpy)] ◊ 8 H 2 O (complex 1), Na[V V O(O 2 ) 2 (1,10í-phen)] ◊ 5 H 2 O (complex 2 ), Na[V V O(O 2 ) 2 (4,4í-Me-2,2í-bpy)] ◊ 8 H 2 O (complex 3 ), [ V IV O(SO 4 )(1,10í-phen)] ◊ 2 H 2 O, (complex 4 ), [ V IV O(SO 4 )(2,2í-bpy)] ◊ H 2 O (complex 5 ), where: 2,2í-bpy = 2,2í-bipyridine, 1,10í-phen = 1,10í-phenanthroline, 4,4í-Me-2,2í-bpy = 4,4í-dimethyl-2,2í-bipyridine and a small insulin injection on V, Cu, Mn, K, Fe, Zn, and Ca concentration in the STZ (streptozotocin) diabetic rats pancreas during a 5-week treatment with the tested complexes. In all groups of animals metal concentration in the pancreas was investigated by means of Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) method. Maximum con- centration of vanadium was observed in the pancreas for complex 5 (1.69 ± 0.09 mg/kg dry weight), lower for complex 3 (1.51 ± 0.10 mg/kg dry weight), and the lowest for complex 1 (1.21 ± 0.27 mg/kg dry weight) sup- plementation. The influence of vanadium administration on other metalsí concentration in the ratsí pancreas was also investigated. All vanadium-tested complexes showed an increase of zinc concentration in the exam- ined pancreas in comparison to the diabetic animals not treated with vanadium. The results were the highest for complex 1 and the lowest for complex 5. The concentration of Fe, Cu, Mn, K and Ca in the pancreas is not evi- dently influenced by administration of the vanadium complexe