D-vitamin och Fysisk Aktivitet : Hur frekvent och på vilket sätt bör kvinnor efter menopaus rekommenderas vara fysiskt aktiva för att upprätthålla en adekvat D-vitaminstatus?

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att identifiera lämplig aktivitetsfrekvens och aktivitetsduration för att upprätthålla en adekvat D-vitaminstatus hos postmenopausala kvinnor. Databasen PubMed har använts för litteratur- och informationssökning i syfte att söka fakta om teori, begrepp och metoder. Mesh-filter har använts för att begränsa området till fysisk aktivitet och dess effekter i terapeutiskt syfte. Sammanlagt sju artiklar, varav sex tvärsnittsstudier och en randomiserad kontroll/fallstudie valdes ut för vidare studium. Resultaten visar samband mellan D-vitaminstatus och god fysisk kondition, muskelstyrka, fall- och frakturfrekvens, bentäthet samt träningsduration, vilket även medför ökad solexponering. Tvärsittsstudierna tillåter dock inte utläsning av kausalitet, då observerade samband endast används till att förutsäga förväntad effekt av en viss parameter. Det vore lämpligt att undersöka träningens kortsiktiga effekter i form av epidemiologiska och kliniska metoder. Idag förefaller adekvat information om träningens relevans vad gäller kortsiktiga effekter på D-vitaminstatus otillräcklig för fullt ut uppnå undersökningens syfte.The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and duration of physical activity required to maintain adequate vitamin D status in postmenopausal women. PubMed was used as a search tool for assessing relevant information about theory, concept and methods. Mesh-filter was applied in order to narrow down the search area to physical activity and its use in a therapeutic purpose. Seven articles in total were considered relevant for evaluating the purpose of the study. Among the seven articles, six were analytical cross sectional studies and one study was a randomized control trial. The investigations present associations between vitamin D and physical function, muscle-strength, fall and fracture, BMD and duration of physical activity, which is also correlated to increased sun exposure. However, cross sectional study alone are limited in terms of their causality. The associations observed mainly predict the expected effect of a certain parameter. Based on these facts, it would be interesting to investigate the effects of physical activity on vitamin D assessing epidemiologic and clinical methods in order to acquire short-term results. Adequate information regarding the relevancy of physical activity on vitamin D status today appears inadequate to support distinct recommendations on this topic

Metabolite-related dietary patterns and the development of islet autoimmunity

The role of diet in type 1 diabetes development is poorly understood. Metabolites, which reflect dietary response, may help elucidate this role. We explored metabolomics and lipidomics differences between 352 cases of islet autoimmunity (IA) and controls in the TEDDY (The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young) study. We created dietary patterns reflecting pre-IA metabolite differences between groups and examined their association with IA. Secondary outcomes included IA cases positive for multiple autoantibodies (mAb+). The association of 853 plasma metabolites with outcomes was tested at seroconversion to IA, just prior to seroconversion, and during infancy. Key compounds in enriched metabolite sets were used to create dietary patterns reflecting metabolite composition, which were then tested for association with outcomes in the nested case-control subset and the full TEDDY cohort. Unsaturated phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, phosphatidylethanolamines, glucosylceramides, and phospholipid ethers in infancy were inversely associated with mAb+ risk, while dicarboxylic acids were associated with an increased risk. An infancy dietary pattern representing higher levels of unsaturated phosphatidylcholines and phospholipid ethers, and lower sphingomyelins was protective for mAb+ in the nested case-control study only. Characterization of this high-risk infant metabolomics profile may help shape the future of early diagnosis or prevention efforts. © 2019, The Author(s)

Early probiotic supplementation and the risk of celiac disease in children at genetic risk

Abstract Probiotics are linked to positive regulatory effects on the immune system. The aim of the study was to examine the association between the exposure of probiotics via dietary supplements or via infant formula by the age of 1 year and the development of celiac disease autoimmunity (CDA) and celiac disease among a cohort of 6520 genetically susceptible children. Use of probiotics during the first year of life was reported by 1460 children. Time-to-event analysis was used to examine the associations. Overall exposure of probiotics during the first year of life was not associated with either CDA (n = 1212) (HR 1.15; 95%CI 0.99, 1.35; p = 0.07) or celiac disease (n = 455) (HR 1.11; 95%CI 0.86, 1.43; p = 0.43) when adjusting for known risk factors. Intake of probiotic dietary supplements, however, was associated with a slightly increased risk of CDA (HR 1.18; 95%CI 1.00, 1.40; p = 0.043) compared to children who did not get probiotics. It was concluded that the overall exposure of probiotics during the first year of life was not associated with CDA or celiac disease in children at genetic risk