Broadband nonlinear modulation of incoherent light using a transparent optoelectronic neuron array

Nonlinear optical processing of ambient natural light is highly desired in computational imaging and sensing applications. A strong optical nonlinear response that can work under weak broadband incoherent light is essential for this purpose. Here we introduce an optoelectronic nonlinear filter array that can address this emerging need. By merging 2D transparent phototransistors (TPTs) with liquid crystal (LC) modulators, we create an optoelectronic neuron array that allows self-amplitude modulation of spatially incoherent light, achieving a large nonlinear contrast over a broad spectrum at orders-of-magnitude lower intensity than what is achievable in most optical nonlinear materials. For a proof-of-concept demonstration, we fabricated a 10,000-pixel array of optoelectronic neurons, each serving as a nonlinear filter, and experimentally demonstrated an intelligent imaging system that uses the nonlinear response to instantly reduce input glares while retaining the weaker-intensity objects within the field of view of a cellphone camera. This intelligent glare-reduction capability is important for various imaging applications, including autonomous driving, machine vision, and security cameras. Beyond imaging and sensing, this optoelectronic neuron array, with its rapid nonlinear modulation for processing incoherent broadband light, might also find applications in optical computing, where nonlinear activation functions that can work under ambient light conditions are highly sought.Comment: 20 Pages, 5 Figure

Vapour-phase-transport rearrangement technique for the synthesis of new zeolites

M.S., M.M., R.E.M., J.Č. and M.O. acknowledge OP VVV “Excellent Research Teams” project No.CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000417– CUCAM. M.S. and M.O. thank the Primus Research Program of the Charles University (project number PRIMUS/17/SCI/22 “Soluble zeolites”). R.E.M. also thanks the ERC (Advanced Grant 787073 “ADOR”). A.M. acknowledges The Centre for High-resolution Electron Microscopy (CħEM), supported by SPST of ShanghaiTech University under contract No. EM02161943, and the Natural National Science Foundation of China, through projects NFSC-21850410448 and NSFC- 21835002. Z.L. acknowledges the support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFA0300102) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11675179, 11434009). J.Č. acknowledges the support of the Czech Science Foundation to the project EXPRO (19-27551×).Owing to the significant difference in the numbers of simulated and experimentally feasible zeolite structures, several alternative strategies have been developed for zeolite synthesis. Despite their rationality and originality, most of these techniques are based on trial-and-error, which makes it difficult to predict the structure of new materials. Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly (ADOR) method overcoming this limitation was successfully applied to a limited number of structures with relatively stable crystalline layers ( UTL , UOV , *CTH ). Here, we report a straightforward, vapour-phase-transport strategy for the transformation of IWW zeolite with low-density silica layers connected by labile Ge-rich units into material with new topology. In situ XRD and XANES studies on the mechanism of IWW rearrangement reveal an unusual structural distortion-reconstruction of the framework throughout the process. Therefore, our findings provide a step forward towards engineering nanoporous materials and increasing the number of zeolites available for future applications.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

The first case report of an intraosseous epidermoid cyst in the distal phalanx of the index finger with infection resulting in single clubbing finger: A case report and review of the literature

An intraosseous epidermoid cyst at the distal phalanx of the index finger is extremely rare. These cysts are asymptomatic unless ruptured, severely infected, or transformed into malignant squamous cell carcinoma. We present a case of a single clubbing finger in an adult diagnosed with an intraosseous epidermoid cyst in the distal phalanx of the left index finger with no history of pulmonary or cardiovascular diseases. Preoperative MRI showed an expansile lytic lesion with a sclerotic margin. Histopathological examination indicates that there is keratinous cell debris in the cyst with a wall of stratified squamous epithelium, which was the key to the correct diagnosis of an intraosseous epidermoid cyst. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images

A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex

ABSTRACT We report the generation of a multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex (MOp or M1) as the initial product of the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN). This was achieved by coordinated large-scale analyses of single-cell transcriptomes, chromatin accessibility, DNA methylomes, spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomes, morphological and electrophysiological properties, and cellular resolution input-output mapping, integrated through cross-modal computational analysis. Together, our results advance the collective knowledge and understanding of brain cell type organization: First, our study reveals a unified molecular genetic landscape of cortical cell types that congruently integrates their transcriptome, open chromatin and DNA methylation maps. Second, cross-species analysis achieves a unified taxonomy of transcriptomic types and their hierarchical organization that are conserved from mouse to marmoset and human. Third, cross-modal analysis provides compelling evidence for the epigenomic, transcriptomic, and gene regulatory basis of neuronal phenotypes such as their physiological and anatomical properties, demonstrating the biological validity and genomic underpinning of neuron types and subtypes. Fourth, in situ single-cell transcriptomics provides a spatially-resolved cell type atlas of the motor cortex. Fifth, integrated transcriptomic, epigenomic and anatomical analyses reveal the correspondence between neural circuits and transcriptomic cell types. We further present an extensive genetic toolset for targeting and fate mapping glutamatergic projection neuron types toward linking their developmental trajectory to their circuit function. Together, our results establish a unified and mechanistic framework of neuronal cell type organization that integrates multi-layered molecular genetic and spatial information with multi-faceted phenotypic properties

Analysis of 3D Genome Structure in Single Cells

3D genome structure plays an important role in gene regulation. However, the study of genome folding in the context of cell-type specificity is largely missing. Here, we developed a single-cell multiomic assay, snm3C-seq, to simultaneously profile chromosome architecture and DNA methylation in the same single cell, enabling the investigation of 3D genome contacts across a wide range of cell types in a complex tissue. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to identify 3D chromatin features and compare them between cell types with single-cell data, given the heterogeneity of genome structures across cells as well as the limited reads being detected within a cell. To handle this question, we developed scHiCluster, a comprehensive framework for single-cell chromosome conformation analysis. The framework calculates low-dimensional embedding of single cells for accurate cell type clustering based on chromatin contacts, followed by annotating cell type specific chromatin loops and domains. We applied snm3C-seq and scHiCluster to developing human brain samples to analyze 53,063 cells. We identified 139 cell populations organized into 10 major lineages in the datasets, as well as over 2.5 million putative regulatory elements from these populations. The regulatory elements at chromatin loop anchors are highly enriched for putative causal common genetic variations of schizophrenia. We also observed difference in developmental timing between DNA methylation and 3D genome structures, and chromatin conformation changes often prime CG methylation (mCG). Together, this thesis shows the development of experimental and computational workflows to investigate single cell 3D genome structures and how we apply the technologies to study the molecular dynamics during brain development