Public pension and household saving: Evidence from China

We relate household saving to pension reform, to explain the high household saving rates in urban China from a new perspective. We use the exogenous – policy induced - variation in pension wealth to explicitly estimate the impact of pension wealth on household saving, and obtain a significant offset effect of pension wealth on household saving. Our estima-tions show that pension reform boosted the household saving rate in 1999 by about 6 per-centage points for cohort aged 25-29 and by about 3 percentage points for cohort aged 50-59. Our results also indicate that declining pension wealth reduces expenditure on educa-tion and health more than on other consumption items.pensions; pension reform; household savings rate; China

Triangular Cooperation in East Asia: Challenges and Opportunities for Japanese Official Development Assistance

The article examines the potential contribution of triangular ccooperation (TrC) as an emerging form of foreign aid. By reviewing the Japanese TrC practices, it addresses some critical questions from the perspective of national interests, development impact, and ownership. Under the declining trend of foreign aid as a form of resource transfer to the global South, future TrC should address questions beyond the realm of technical cooperation. The article claims that the primary function of TrC is to maintain donor relationships with emerging powers that are graduating from aid recipient status, while highlighting its potential and limitations for promoting TrC among China, South Korea, and Japan.Japan International Cooperation Agency Research Institute (JICA

A redetermination of 2-(6-diethyl­amino-3-diethyl­iminio-3H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoate–ethyl gallate (1/1) at room temperature

The title compound, C28H30N2O3·C9H10O5, is a well known red leuco complex of 2-(6-diethyl­amino-3-diethyl­iminio-3H-xanthene-9-yl)benzoate (rhodamine B base abbreviated to RBB: leuco dye) with ethyl gallate (EG: developer). The structure of the complex at room temperature has recently been reported by Sekiguchi, Takayama, Gotanda & Sano [(2007) Chem. Lett. 36, 1010–1011]. The RBB–EG complex forms a dimer (RBB⋯EG⋯EG⋯RBB) through inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In a subsequent re-examination of the structure at room temperature, we found the RBB mol­ecule to be disordered with a methyl group of one ethyl substituent of a diethyl­amino group at one extremity of the xanthene unit disordered over two positions [occupancies: 0.735 (5)/0.265 (5)]. Furthermore, at the other end of the xanthene residue, the entire diethyl­amino substituent (i.e. the N atom and the associated C and H atoms) was also disordered over two sites with occupancies 0.653 (7)/0.347 (7). This leads to four kinds of RBB conformations, which, in turn, results in the formation of 16 discrete RBB⋯EG⋯EG⋯RBB dimers in the crystal

Zeta functions of line, middle, total graphs of a graph and their coverings

AbstractWe consider the (Ihara) zeta functions of line graphs, middle graphs and total graphs of a regular graph and their (regular or irregular) covering graphs. Let L(G), M(G) and T(G) denote the line, middle and total graph of G, respectively. We show that the line, middle and total graph of a (regular and irregular, respectively) covering of a graph G is a (regular and irregular, respectively) covering of L(G), M(G) and T(G), respectively. For a regular graph G, we express the zeta functions of the line, middle and total graph of any (regular or irregular) covering of G in terms of the characteristic polynomial of the covering. Also, the complexities of the line, middle and total graph of any (regular or irregular) covering of G are computed. Furthermore, we discuss the L-functions of the line, middle and total graph of a regular graph G

A variational Bayesian method for inverse problems with impulsive noise

We propose a novel numerical method for solving inverse problems subject to impulsive noises which possibly contain a large number of outliers. The approach is of Bayesian type, and it exploits a heavy-tailed t distribution for data noise to achieve robustness with respect to outliers. A hierarchical model with all hyper-parameters automatically determined from the given data is described. An algorithm of variational type by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the true posteriori distribution and a separable approximation is developed. The numerical method is illustrated on several one- and two-dimensional linear and nonlinear inverse problems arising from heat conduction, including estimating boundary temperature, heat flux and heat transfer coefficient. The results show its robustness to outliers and the fast and steady convergence of the algorithm.Comment: 20 pages, to appear in J. Comput. Phy

Benzyl­tributyl­ammonium 6-hydroxy­naphthalene-2-sulfonate

The title compound, C19H34N+·C10H7O4S−, is a charge-control agent for toners used in electrophotography. Inter­moleclar O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding between the OH group of one anion and the sulfonate O atom of a neighboring anion leads to the formation of one-dimensional chains along the b axis. In addition, C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are observed. One of the n-butyl chains of the cation is disordered over two sites in a 0.88:0.12 ratio

Diacetonitrile­tetra­kis{μ2-3-anilinocarbonyl-1-[(5-chloro-2-oxidophen­yl)diazen­yl]-2-naphtholato}tetra­aqua­diiron(III)disodium(I) dihydrate

The title compound, [Fe2Na2(C23H14ClN3O3)4(C2H3N)2(H2O)4]·2H2O, is a hydrated Fe–azo complex dimer that is used as a charge-control agent in electrophotography. The mol­ecule is a centrosymmetric dimer with two octa­hedral FeIII units linked by two bridging five-coordinate NaI cations. Each FeIII atom is chelated by the N and two O atoms from two 3-anilinocarbonyl-1-[(5-chloro-2-oxidophen­yl)diazen­yl]-2-naph­tholate ligands. The Na+ cation is coordinated by a carbonyl O atom from the two ligands of each octa­hedral FeIII unit, two water mol­ecules and the N atom of an acetonitrile mol­ecule. Two solvent water mol­ecules complete the structure. In the crystal structure, the dimeric mol­ecules are bridged by a pair of discrete inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, one of which involves a sodium-bound water mol­ecule and a hydrate water, and the other a 5-chloro­phenolate O atom and a water molecule to form an extended chain along b

Diacetonitrile­tetra­kis{μ2-3-anilinocarbonyl-1-[(5-chloro-2-oxidophen­yl)diazen­yl]-2-naphtholato}tetra­aqua­diiron(III)disodium(I) dihydrate. Corrigendum

Corrigendum to Acta Cryst. (2008), E64, m240–m241

Poly[bis­(acetone-κO)bis­{μ3-1-[(5-chloro-2-oxidophenyl)diazenyl]-2-naphtholato-κ4 O:O,O′:O′}­sodium(I)­chromium(III)]

The title compound, [CrNa(C16H9ClN2O2)2(C3H6O)2]n, is an azo-CrIII complex polymer that is used as a charge-control agent in electrophotography. The monomeric unit is composed of octa­hedral CrIII and NaI units, and is characterized by twofold rotation symmetry. The CrIII atom is chelated by two N and four O atoms from two [(5-chloro-2-oxidophen­yl)diazen­yl]-2-naphtholate ligands. The ligand anion exists in the cis form. The NaI atom is coordinated by two phen­oxy O atoms from a neighboring CrIII unit, two naphth­oxy O atoms from another neighboring CrIII unit and two O atoms from acetone mol­ecules. The dinuclear complex forms a one-dimensional polymer running along the c axis