Korean Version of Mini Mental Status Examination for Dementia Screening and Its' Short Form

Objective We developed a Korean version of Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) optimized for screening dementia (MMSE-DS) and its short form (SMMSE-DS). Methods We constructed the MMSE-DS using the items of the two current Korean versions of MMSE and then construct the SMMSE-DS consisted of 13 items from the MMSE-DS based on the diagnostic accuracy of individual items for dementia. We investigated reliability and validity of MMSE-DS and SMMSE-DS on 1,555 subjects (1,222 nondemented controls, 333 dementia patients). We compared the diagnostic accuracy of the SMMSE-DS with that of the three full Korean versions of MMSE, and examined its age- and education-specific optimal cutoff scores for dementia. Results The internal consistency obtained by Cronbach`s coefficient alpha was 0.826. The inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability were 0.968 (p<0.001) and 0.825 (p<0.001), respectively. It showed significant correlation with the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) (r=-0.698, p<0.05) and the three full Korean versions of MMSE (r=0.839-0.938, p<0.001). The area under the receiver operator curve for dementia of the SMMSE-DS was larger than those of the three full Korean versions of MMSE (p<0.001). Age, education and gender explained 19.4% of the total variance of SMMSE-DS scores. The optimal cutoff scores for dementia of the SMMSE-DS were estimated differently by age and educational attainment of the subjects. Conclusion The SMMSE-DS was found to be accurate, brief and portable instrument for screening dementia in Korean elders, and may be particularly useful for screening dementia in elderly populations with wide variation in educational levels. Psychiatry Investig 2010;7:102-108This study was supported by a research grant from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea (Grant NO. 08-2009-014).Han C, 2008, ARCH GERONTOL GERIAT, V47, P302, DOI 10.1016/j.archger.2007.08.012PARK JH, 2007, PSYCHIAT INVEST, V4, P84Kim KW, 2005, DEMENT GERIATR COGN, V19, P324, DOI 10.1159/000084558JHOO JH, 2005, J KOREAN NEUROPSYCHI, V44, P98KIM HS, 2005, HYEONDAE GUGEO SAYON, V2Boustani M, 2003, ANN INTERN MED, V138, P927KANG Y, 2003, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL SLee JH, 2002, J GERONTOL B-PSYCHOL, V57, pP47LEE DY, 2002, J KOREAN NEUROPSYCHI, V41, P508PARK J, 1999, J KOREAN NEUROPSYCHI, V38, P173Malloy PF, 1997, J NEUROPSYCH CLIN N, V9, P189KANG Y, 1997, J KOREAN NEUROL ASS, V15, P300WOO JL, 1996, J KOREAN NEUROPSYCHI, V35, P122LINN RT, 1995, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V52, P485MASUR DM, 1994, NEUROLOGY, V44, P1427*AM PSYCH ASS, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENTIMAI Y, 1994, J HONG KONG COLL PSY, V4, P20MORRIS JC, 1993, NEUROLOGY, V43, P2412CRUM RM, 1993, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V269, P2386TOMBAUGH TN, 1992, J AM GERIATR SOC, V40, P922FEHER EP, 1992, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V49, P87HODGES JR, 1990, J NEUROL NEUROSUR PS, V53, P1089GALASKO D, 1990, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V47, P49OCONNOR DW, 1989, PSYCHOL MED, V19, P771PARK JH, 1989, J KOREAN NEUROPSYCHI, V28, P508OCONNOR DW, 1989, J PSYCHIAT RES, V23, P87HANLEY JA, 1983, RADIOLOGY, V148, P839HUGHES CP, 1982, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V140, P566ANTHONY JC, 1982, PSYCHOL MED, V12, P397FOLSTEIN MF, 1975, J PSYCHIATR RES, V12, P198

Ginseng intake and Alzheimer disease-specific cognition in older adults according to apolipoprotein ε4 allele status

BackgroundThe probable association among ginseng intake, Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-specific cognition, and apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE4) remains poorly investigated. Hence, we examined the association between ginseng intake and AD-specific cognition in older adults under the moderating effect of APOE4 status.MethodsThis study enrolled 160 adults aged 65–90 years without dementia. All participants underwent comprehensive dietary and clinical assessments including ginseng intake, AD-related cognition (i.e., delayed episodic memory, as the earliest cognitive change in AD), and non-memory cognition for comparative purposes.ResultsGinseng intake was associated with higher delayed episodic memory, but not non-memory cognition, compared to no ginseng intake. The interaction between ginseng intake and APOE4 status had a significant effect on delayed episodic memory. Subgroup analyses showed that ginseng intake was associated with higher delayed episodic memory in the APOE4-negative but not the APOE4-positive subgroup. The benefits of ginseng intake on delayed episodic memory were prominent in the high duration (≥5 years) and midlife onset (&lt;65 years) groups.ConclusionOur study of older adults with no dementia suggests that ginseng intake (with high duration and midlife onset) had a beneficial effect on AD-specific cognitive decline, i.e., the delayed episodic memory. In addition, APOE4 status moderates the association between ginseng intake status and AD-specific cognitive decline

Análisis de las Estrategias Metodológicas implementadas por el docente en el desarrollo del proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje en la disciplina de Geografía e Historia de Nicaragua y su Didáctica en los alumnos/as de Primer año “B” del turno regular de Formación Inicial Docente en la Escuela Normal Central de Managua Alesio Blandón Juárez durante el I semestre del Curso Escolar 2016

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad analizar la efectividad que tienen las Estrategias Metodológicas implementadas por el docente en el desarrollo del proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje en la disciplina de Geografía de Nicaragua y su Didáctica en los alumnos/as de Primer año “B” del turno regular de Formación Inicial Docente en la Escuela Normal Central de Managua Alesio Blandón Juárez durante el I semestre del Curso Escolar 2016. Dicho trabajo de investigación tiene un enfoque naturista o cualitativo, es una vía de transformación social, a través de la cual el ser humano descubre la realidad que le rodea, determina los medios y procedimientos para actuar sobre ella y transformarla de acuerdo a una intensión social. Los procesos de investigación cualitativa, tienen como finalidad primordial la generación y construcción de conocimientos que contribuyen al desarrollo social y personal de cada uno de los miembros de una comunidad. La fase de recolección de los datos de la investigación desarrollada, se realizó de dos formas: una información que se recogió mediante la observación directa del comportamiento de los informantes claves y una información que se obtuvo mediante la interrogación de algunos informantes claves. Para ello, primeramente el investigador realizo una inmersión en el campo de trabajo, con el propósito de identificar los lugares adecuados para recoger y producir la información necesaria y requerid

White matter changes associated with psychotic symptoms in Alzheimer's disease patients

This study explored the relationship between white matter changes seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease patients. Fifty-five probable Alzheimer's disease patients were assessed with Behavioral Rating Scale for Dementia (BRSD) and MRI. White matter changes in the bilateral frontal or parieto-occipital region and left basal ganglia significantly corresponded with the score of the Psychotic Symptoms subscale of BRSD. Secondary analyses revealed that white matter changes were not associated with paranoid delusion and hallucination, but only with delusional misidentification. Our results suggest that white matter changes in Alzheimer's disease patients probably contribute to the development of specific psychotic symptoms, namely delusional misidentification

A normative study of the Trail Making Test in Korean elders

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of age, education and gender on the performance of the Trail Making Test (TMT) and provide normative information in Korean elders. METHODS: The TMT was administered to 997 community-dwelling volunteers aged 60-90. People with serious neurological, medical and psychiatric disorders, including dementia, were excluded. RESULTS: Education and age had significant effects on both parts of the TMT. Gender also had an effect on part A of the TMT (Trail A). Based on these results, the norms of Trail A stratified by age (four overlapping tables), education (four strata) and gender, and the norms of part B of TMT (Trail B) stratified by age (four overlapping tables) and education (three strata). CONCLUSIONS: Age and educational level had a considerable influence on both Trail A and B. Our normative information on the Trail A will be useful in the elders with poor educational attainment and can be utilized for cross-cultural comparison of the Trail A performance. The fact that a large number of elders fail to complete Trail B indicates a limited applicability of Trail B in elderly population, particularly with poor educational background

Prevalence of major depressive disorder and minor depressive disorder in an elderly Korean population: Results from the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (KLoSHA)

Objective: We investigated the prevalence, risk factors and impact of major depressive disorder (MDD) and minor depressive disorder (MnDD) in a randomly selected community-dwelling Korean elderly population. Method: This study was conducted as a part of the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (KLoSHA). A study population of 1118 Korean elders was randomly sampled from residents of Seongnam, Korea aged 65 years or older. Standardized face-to-face interviews and neurological and physical examinations were conducted on 714 respondents using the Korean version of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. MOD was diagnosed according to the DSM-IV criteria, and MnDD according to research criteria proposed in Appendix B of the DSM-IV criteria. Results: Age-, gender- and education-standardized prevalence rates in Korean elders aged 65 years or older were estimated as 5.37% (95% CI = 3.72-7.03) for MOD, 5.52% (95% CI = 3.84-7.19) for MnDD, and 10.89% (95% CI = 8.60-13.17) for overall late-life depression (LLD). A prior MOD episode (OR = 3.07,95% CI = 1.38-6.82 in MDD, OR = 3.44,95% CI = 1.49-7.94 in MnDD), female gender (OR = 3.55, 95% CI = 1.53-8.24 in MDD, OR = 2.68, 95% CI = 1.19-6.04 in MnDD) and history of stroke or TIA (OR = 3.45, 95% CI = 1.62-7.35 in MDD. OR = 2.95, 95% CI = 1.34-6.52 in MnDD) were associated with the risks of both MDD and MnDD. Lack of formal education (OR = 2.75, 95% CI = 1.30-5.85) and low income (OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.02-7.88) were associated with the risk of MDD only. Quality of life (QOL) of the MOD and MnDD patients was worse than that of non-depressed elders (P<0.001, ANOVA). Conclusion: MnDD was as prevalent as MOD in Korean elders and impacted QOL as MDD did. MnDD patients may increase in the future with accelerated population aging and westernization of lifestyle in Korea. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.This work was supported by the Independent Research Grant (IRG) from Pfizer Global Pharmaceuticals (grant no. 06-05-039), the Grant for Developing Seongnam Health Promotion Program for the Elderly from Seongnam City Government in Korea (grant no. 800-20050211) and the Grant of the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project, Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Republic of Korea (grant no.: A070001).Mossaheb N, 2009, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V70, P500Han L, 2008, AM J GERIAT PSYCHIAT, V16, P742Cho MJ, 2007, J NERV MENT DIS, V195, P203, DOI 10.1097/01.nmd.0000243826.40732.45PARK JH, 2007, PSYCHIAT INVEST, V4, P84*UN DEP EC SOC AFF, 2007, WORLD POP PROSP 2006Djernes JK, 2006, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V113, P372, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00770.x*UN, 2006, WORLD POP PROSPYOUU SW, 2006, ANXIETY MOOD, V2, P50Chen RL, 2005, ARCH INTERN MED, V165, P2019, DOI 10.1001/archinte.165.17.2019Driscoll HC, 2005, INT J GERIATR PSYCH, V20, P661, DOI 10.1002/gps.1334YI JS, 2005, J KOREAN NEUROPSYCHI, V44, P456*KNSO, 2005, REP POP HOUS CENSMojtabai R, 2004, PSYCHOL MED, V34, P623Battaglia A, 2004, INT CLIN PSYCHOPHARM, V19, P135, DOI 10.1097/01.yic.0000122860.35081.5fBAE JN, 2004, J PSYCHOSOM RES, V57, P297Lee DY, 2004, J INT NEUROPSYCH SOC, V10, P72Kessler RC, 2003, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V289, P3095Cole MG, 2003, AM J PSYCHIAT, V160, P1147Sonnenberg CM, 2003, INT J GERIATR PSYCH, V18, P99, DOI 10.1002/gps.771*WHO, 2003, WORLD HLTH REP 2003NAM BH, 2003, J KOREAN SOC HLTH ST, V28, P3Lavretsky H, 2002, AM J GERIAT PSYCHIAT, V10, P239Lee JH, 2002, J GERONTOL B-PSYCHOL, V57, pP47Brodaty H, 2001, J AFFECT DISORDERS, V66, P225Van den Berg MD, 2001, J AFFECT DISORDERS, V65, P19Chong MY, 2001, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V178, P29Thomas AJ, 2001, J NEUROL NEUROSUR PS, V70, P83Dubois B, 2000, NEUROLOGY, V55, P1621Steffens DC, 2000, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V57, P601SUH GH, 2000, J KOREAN NEUROPSYCHI, V39, P809Rollman BL, 1999, J AM GERIATR SOC, V47, P757Beekman ATF, 1999, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V174, P307CHO MJ, 1999, J KOREAN NEUROPSYCHI, V38, P48Newman SC, 1998, PSYCHOL MED, V28, P1339Beekman ATF, 1997, PSYCHOL MED, V27, P1397Lebowitz BD, 1997, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V278, P1186Liu CY, 1997, PSYCHOL MED, V27, P943MURRAY JL, 1996, GLOBAL BURDEN DISBeekman ATF, 1995, J AFFECT DISORDERS, V36, P65PAHKALA K, 1995, SOC PSYCH PSYCH EPID, V30, P99KRISHNAN KRR, 1995, AM J PSYCHIAT, V152, P785KOMAHASHI T, 1994, JPN J PSYCHIAT NEUR, V48, P517JUDD LL, 1994, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V55, P18*AM PSYCH ASS TASK, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENTCHO MJ, 1993, J KOREAN NEUROPSYCHI, V32, P381WELLS KB, 1992, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V49, P788MILLER MD, 1992, PSYCHIAT RES, V41, P237SHERBOURNE CD, 1991, SOC SCI MED, V32, P705HOROWITZ A, 1991, J GERONTOL SOC WORK, V17, P371989, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V129, P687BLAZER D, 1989, HOSP PRACT OFF ED, V24, P79VENTRY IM, 1982, EAR HEARING, V3, P128MURPHY E, 1982, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V141, P135HATANO S, 1976, B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN, V54, P541LINN BS, 1968, J AM GERIATR SOC, V16, P622HAMILTON M, 1967, BRIT J SOC CLIN PSYC, V6, P278

Normative study of the Stroop Color and Word Test in an educationally diverse elderly population

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of demographic variables on Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) performance in an educationally diverse elderly population and to provide normative information. METHODS: SCWT was administered to 564 community-dwelling volunteers aged 60-90 years with an educational history of from zero to 25 years of full-time education. People with serious neurological, medical and psychiatric disorders (including dementia) were excluded. RESULTS: Age, education and gender were found to be significantly associated with performance on all three pages of the SCWT. Based on the results obtained, SCWT norms were stratified by age (four overlapping tables), education (three strata), and gender. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, normative information on SCWT was obtained from an educationally diverse elderly population. SCWT would appear to be more useful in poorly educated elderly, and could be used in future cross-cultural comparisons of geriatric populations

Effects of spaced retrieval training (SRT) on cognitive function in Alzheimer`s disease (AD) patients

Among the non-pharmacological treatments of dementia, SRT is a good candidate strategy for rehabilitating the cognition of AD patients. This study investigates the efficacy of SRT on the cognition of AD patients with very mild to mild disease. We administered 24-session SRT to 13 very mild and 6 mild AD patients. To assess the change of the neuropsychological performance after SRT, we performed the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer`s Disease neuropsychological battery (CERAD-K), the logical memory test (LMT), the Benton Visual retention test A (BVRT-A), and the digit span test (DST). All tests were administered both before and after SRT. Retention spans were significantly increased up to 24 min after SRT in both very mild and mild AD patients (p < 0.05), and this improvement was maintained for different sets of target information. Retainable words were also significantly increased after SRT in the very mild AD patients (p = 0.007). However, we observed no changes in neuropsychological performance after SRT. Although we did not observe improvements in the neuropsychological tests following SRT, our results suggest that the treatment was an effective intervention for improving the memory of very mild to mild AD patients, and could potentially improve learning and retention outside the training session. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Wiggs CL, 2006, AGING NEUROPSYCHOL C, V13, P308, DOI 10.1080/138255890968718Cherry KE, 2005, EXP AGING RES, V31, P261, DOI 10.1080/03610730590948186Hochhalter AK, 2005, EXP AGING RES, V31, P101, DOI 10.1080/03610730590914976Germano C, 2005, NEUROPSYCHOL REV, V15, P1, DOI 10.1007/s11065-005-3583-7Pirttila T, 2004, EUR J NEUROL, V11, P734Hawley KS, 2004, BEHAV MODIF, V28, P276, DOI 10.1177/0145445503259283BAE JN, 2004, J PSYCHOSOM RES, V57, P297Kensinger EA, 2003, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, V17, P230, DOI 10.1037/0894-4105.17.2.230Lee JH, 2002, J GERONTOL B-PSYCHOL, V57, pP47Mohs RC, 2001, NEUROLOGY, V57, P481Bird M, 2001, NEUROPSYCHOL REHABIL, V11, P357Park NW, 2001, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, V15, P199, DOI 10.1037/0894-4105.15.2.199Davis RN, 2001, ALZ DIS ASSOC DIS, V15, P1O`Hara R, 2000, WESTERN J MED, V172, P115CHERRY KE, 1999, J CLIN GEROPSYCHOLOG, V5, P159DEVREESE LP, 1999, INT PSYCHOGERIATR S, V11, pS187Bird M, 1998, AUST J AGEING, V17, P161BRUSH JA, 1998, THERAPY TECHNIQUE IM, P27Newhouse PA, 1997, DRUG AGING, V11, P206Camp CJ, 1996, APPL COGNITIVE PSYCH, V10, P193BACKMAN L, 1996, ACTA NEUROL SCAND S, V165, P109BIRD M, 1995, INT J GERIATR PSYCH, V10, P305*APA, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENTABRAHAMS JP, 1993, CLIN GERONTOLOGIST, V12, P57BALL GG, 1993, PSYCHIAT QUART, V64, P359MCKITRICK LA, 1992, J GERONTOL, V47, pP337SIVAN AB, 1992, BENTON VISUAL RETENTBACKMAN L, 1992, ACTA NEUROL SCAND S, V139, P84CAMP CJ, 1990, CLIN GERONTOLOGIST, V10, P58CAMP CJ, 1989, MEMORY AGING DEMENTI, P212WECHSLER D, 1987, WECHSLER MEMORY SCALMCKHANN G, 1984, NEUROLOGY, V34, P939YESAVAGE JA, 1981, J AM GERIATR SOC, V29, P164

Development of the Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire

Aim: We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire (SMCQ). Methods: The reliability of the SMCQ was evaluated by testing its internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Pearson correlation analyses were performed to assess the concurrent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the construct validity. Diagnostic ability for dementia was tested with receiver operator characteristic curve analyses. Results: Cronbach`s alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficients of the SMCQ were 0.864 and 0.828 (p < 0.001), respectively. The SMCQ scores were significantly correlated with the scores on Camdex Memory Complaint Questionnaire, Seoul Informant Report Questionnaire for Dementia and cognitive tests from the CERAD (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer`s Disease) neuropsychological test battery (p < 0.01). The results of confirmatory factor analyses confirmed that the SMCQ consisted of subjective memory complaints (SMC) for general memory and for everyday memory. The SMCQ score discriminated well between nondemented elderly without dementia and those with dementia (p < 0.01). The area under the curve value of the SMCQ was 0.84, indicating that it had high diagnostic ability. Conclusion: The SMCQ was found to be a brief, reliable and valid questionnaire for evaluating SMC. It might be useful for evaluating the cognition of elderly subjects when reliable informants are not available.Snitz BE, 2008, J INT NEUROPSYCH SOC, V14, P1004, DOI 10.1017/S1355617708081332Galvin JE, 2007, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V64, P725PARK JH, 2007, PSYCHIAT INVEST, V4, P84Crowe M, 2006, INT J GERIATR PSYCH, V21, P1187, DOI 10.1002/gps.1639Reid LM, 2006, DEMENT GERIATR COGN, V22, P471, DOI 10.1159/000096295Pannu JK, 2005, NEUROPSYCHOL REV, V15, P105, DOI 10.1007/s11065-7091-6Lam LCW, 2005, INT J GERIATR PSYCH, V20, P876, DOI 10.1002/gps.1370James BD, 2005, AM J GERIAT PSYCHIAT, V13, P484Barrett AM, 2005, NEUROLOGY, V64, P693Ganguli M, 2004, NEUROLOGY, V63, P115van der Flier WM, 2004, J NEUROL, V251, P671, DOI 10.1007/s00415-004-0390-7Jungwirth S, 2004, J AM GERIATR SOC, V52, P263Lee DY, 2004, J INT NEUROPSYCH SOC, V10, P72LAVRETSKY H, 2004, CURR PSYCHIAT REP, V6, P25LEE DY, 2004, J KOREAN NEUROPSYCHI, V43, P209Kim JM, 2003, DEMENT GERIATR COGN, V15, P218, DOI 10.1159/000068783Bureau-Chalot F, 2002, GERONTOLOGY, V48, P220Gron G, 2002, ANN NEUROL, V51, P491, DOI 10.1002/ana.10157Troyer AK, 2002, J GERONTOL B-PSYCHOL, V57, pP19de Groot JC, 2001, NEUROLOGY, V56, P1539Stewart R, 2001, PSYCHOL MED, V31, P431Clarnette RM, 2001, INT J GERIATR PSYCH, V16, P168Carr DB, 2000, NEUROLOGY, V55, P1724Jonker C, 2000, INT J GERIATR PSYCH, V15, P983Moulin CJA, 2000, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V38, P1242Riedel-Heller SG, 1999, EUR ARCH PSY CLIN N, V249, P197Geerlings MI, 1999, AM J PSYCHIAT, V156, P531Sevush S, 1999, NEUROPSY NEUROPSY BE, V12, P88CHO MJ, 1999, J KOREAN NEUROPSYCHI, V38, P48Schmand B, 1997, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V171, P373Schofield PW, 1997, AM J PSYCHIAT, V154, P609Blazer DG, 1997, J AGING HEALTH, V9, P171Schmand B, 1996, NEUROLOGY, V46, P121Jonker C, 1996, J AM GERIATR SOC, V44, P44TOBIANSKY R, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P779GAGNON M, 1994, NEUROEPIDEMIOLOGY, V13, P145*AM PSYCH ASS, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENTBASSETT SS, 1993, J GERIATR PSYCH NEUR, V6, P105GILEWSKI MJ, 1990, PSYCHOL AGING, V5, P482OCONNOR DW, 1990, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V47, P224DIXON RA, 1988, PSYCHOPHARMACOL BULL, V24, P671HUGHES CP, 1982, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V140, P566

Korean Version of Frontal Assessment Battery: Psychometric Properties and Normative Data

Background: We developed the Korean version of the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB-K), evaluated its psychometric properties and constructed normative data for Korean elders. Methods: FAB-K was administered to 300 Alzheimer`s disease (AD) patients and 635 normal controls. Reliability of FAB-K was evaluated by testing its internal consistency, test-retest and inter-rater reliabilities. Validity of FAB-K was evaluated by testing discriminant validity for AD and concurrent validity with other frontal function tests. Age-and education-specific normative data of FAB-K were developed. Results: Cronbach`s alpha, inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability of FAB-K were 0.802, 0.980 (p < 0.001) and 0.820 (p < 0.001), respectively. FAB-K exhibited significant correlations with the scores of MMSE and other frontal function tests (p < 0.01). Total and item scores of FAB-K were lower in AD patients than in controls and became worse as clinical dementia rating increased (F = 192.026, d.f. = 4, p < 0.001). The optimal cut-off score of FAB-K for AD was determined as 10/11, where sensitivity and specificity for AD were 0.717 and 0.827, respectively. Normative data were stratified by 3 age groups and 4 education groups. Conclusion: The FAB-K is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating frontal dysfunction, and may be useful for screening AD. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, BaselThis study was supported by an Independent Research Grant from Pfizer Global Pharmaceuticals (grant No. 06-05-039) and a grant of the Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry for Health, Welfare & Family Affairs, Republic of Korea (grant No. A092077).Hanyu H, 2009, INT J GERIATR PSYCH, V24, P1034, DOI 10.1002/gps.2219Yoshida H, 2009, DEMENT GERIATR COGN, V27, P133, DOI 10.1159/000198687Fukui T, 2009, DEMENT GERIATR COGN, V28, P288, DOI 10.1159/000245157Nagata T, 2009, PSYCHIAT CLIN NEUROS, V63, P449, DOI 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01968.xNAGATA T, 2009, INT PSYCHOGERIATR, P1Moorhouse P, 2009, DEMENT GERIATR COGN, V27, P424, DOI 10.1159/000212755Nakaaki S, 2008, INT PSYCHOGERIATR, V20, P964, DOI 10.1017/S1041610208007308Jhoo JH, 2008, DEMENT GERIATR COGN, V26, P270, DOI 10.1159/000160960Kugo A, 2007, PSYCHIAT RES, V153, P69, DOI 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.04.004Nakaaki S, 2007, PSYCHIAT CLIN NEUROS, V61, P78, DOI 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01614.xPARK JH, 2007, PSYCHIAT INVEST, V4, P84Oguro H, 2006, J NEUROL, V253, P1490, DOI 10.1007/s00415-006-0251-7Seo EH, 2006, INT J GERIATR PSYCH, V21, P844, DOI 10.1002/gps.1570Ferri CP, 2005, LANCET, V366, P2112Lipton AM, 2005, NEUROLOGY, V65, P726Appollonio I, 2005, NEUROL SCI, V26, P108, DOI 10.1007/s10072-005-0443-4Slachevsky A, 2004, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V61, P1104Iavarone A, 2004, FUNCT NEUROL, V19, P191Mok VCT, 2004, ALZ DIS ASSOC DIS, V18, P68Swanberg MM, 2004, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V61, P556Lee DY, 2004, J INT NEUROPSYCH SOC, V10, P72Lee JH, 2002, J GERONTOL B-PSYCHOL, V57, pP47Sgaramella TM, 2001, BRAIN COGNITION, V46, P264Dubois B, 2000, NEUROLOGY, V55, P1621Desmond DW, 1999, ALZ DIS ASSOC DIS, V13, pS21Perry RJ, 1999, BRAIN, V122, P383Sheehan DV, 1998, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V59, P22Sheehan DV, 1998, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V59, P34Greene JDW, 1995, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V33, P1647*AM PSYCH ASS, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT1994, J NEUROL NEUROSURG P, V57, P416ROYALL DR, 1992, J AM GERIATR SOC, V40, P1221PAUKER JD, 1988, J CLIN PSYCHOL, V44, P930MCKHANN G, 1984, NEUROLOGY, V34, P939HANLEY JA, 1983, RADIOLOGY, V148, P839ROBINSON AL, 1980, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V48, P605JONESGOTMAN M, 1977, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V15, P653BENTON AL, 1976, MULTILINGUAL APHASIANELSON HE, 1976, CORTEX, V12, P313Newton RL, 1950, J CLIN PSYCHOL, V6, P409