e-Encuestas Probabilísticas II. Los Métodos de Muestreo Probabilístico

En este trabajo se aborda fundamentalmente el estudio de las encuestas que utilizan la herramienta de Internet para su realización. En concreto su objetivo se centra en el planteamiento y desarrollo de diseños muestrales probabilísticos que permitan realizar encuestas desde la World Wide Web con el rigor necesario para poder inferir los resultados obtenidos a la población objeto de estudio, con determinada fiabilidad.In this work there is approached fundamentally the study of the surveys that use the tool of Internet for its accomplishment. We centres on the exposition and development of probabilistic sampling designs that allow to realize surveys from the World Wide Web with the necessary accuracy to be able to infer the results obtained to the population under study, with certain reliability

Igualdad de género percibida en el reparto de cuidados y salud mental: impacto de la crisis sanitaria por COVID-19 en una muestra de mujeres andaluzas

The restrictions during COVID-19 seem to have had an unequal impact on the mental health and habits of the population in terms of gender. The literature states that crises such as this have a more negative impact on women. We explored perceived overload due to household chores and informal caregiving in a sample of Andalusian women, their perception of an increase in this overload after the pandemic, and its possible effect on mental health. To do this, we administered an online retrospective questionnaire to explore the perception of 166 women on care economy variables by estimating hours, effort, overload, and sharing of chores at three different times: before the onset of the pandemic, during lockdown, and at the time of data collection (one year after lockdown). We also measured depression, anxiety, stress, and life satisfaction at the time of data collection through validated scales. Results showed that women estimated significantly more time and effort on household chores and caregiving for the lockdown period. The retrospective estimation of the sharing of tasks was similar over the three moments but women perceived that they did more than their heterosexual partners. One in four women perceived an increase in caregiving overload after the pandemic. Women who felt mental overload due to caregiving scored higher in depression than those who felt physical overload. Considering these findings, and despite the limitations of this study, the pandemic may have led to an increase in informal caregiving overload for many women. Furthermore, the relation between depression and overload one year after lockdown was demonstrated. Measures are required to reduce the impact of gender in crises by designing prevention policies and programs that promote co-responsibility.Las restricciones vividas durante la COVID-19 parecen haber causado un impacto diferencial de género en la salud mental y en los hábitos de gran parte de la población. Asimismo, la literatura indica que las situaciones de crisis como la vivida tienen peor impacto en las mujeres. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar la sobrecarga percibida por las tareas del hogar y cuidados informales en una muestra de mujeres andaluzas, su percepción de un incremento en la misma tras la pandemia, y su posible relación con variables de salud mental. Para ello se administró un cuestionario online para explorar la percepción de 166 mujeres en variables de economía de cuidados estimando retrospectivamente las horas, esfuerzo, sobrecarga y reparto de tareas del hogar para el momento de recogida de datos (un año tras el confinamiento), para el momento previo al inicio de la pandemia y durante el confinamiento. También se administraron instrumentos validados para medir depresión, ansiedad, estrés y satisfacción vital en el momento de recogida de datos. Los resultados mostraron una percepción de mayor dedicación y esfuerzo debido a los cuidados y tareas del hogar estimado para el momento de confinamiento. El reparto de tareas se estimó similar para los tres momentos sobre los que se preguntó, y percibieron que ellas hacían más estas tareas que sus parejas heterosexuales. Una de cada cuatro mujeres percibió un aumento de la sobrecarga debida a cuidados tras la pandemia y los niveles de depresión fueron mayores en mujeres que sentían una sobrecarga mental debida a los cuidados, por encima de quien identificó sobrecarga física. Aun considerando las limitaciones de este trabajo, la pandemia ha podido suponer un incremento en la sobrecarga por los cuidados informales para muchas mujeres y, evidenciada la relación entre depresión y sobrecarga, podría entenderse que esta relación también se diera durante el confinamiento. Se requieren medidas que reduzcan el impacto de género en situaciones de crisis y políticas y programas de prevención que fomenten la corresponsabilidad.This work has been funded by Fundación María Fulmen (Sevilla) within their Third Call for Grants for Projects Aimed at Women Promotion (2021) [III Convocatoria de ayudas 2021 a proyectos dirigidos a la promoción de mujeres]

Role of S-adenosylmethionine on the hepatobiliary homeostasis of glutathione during cyclosporine A treatment

[EN] The effects of cyclosporine A (CyA) treatment on the hepatic content and biliary output of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione and lipid peroxidation in the liver, and the ability of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) to antagonize the CyA-induced alterations were studied in male Wistar rats. To evaluate the efficacy of SAMe, three CyA and SAMe protocols were used: Cotreatment with SAMe plus CyA, pretreatment with SAMe before starting cotreatment, and post-treatment with SAMe after beginning treatment with CyA alone. CyA treatment for one and four weeks depleted liver GSH, decreased the GSH/GSSG ratio and significantly reduced GSH and GSSG biliary concentrations and secretion rates. Additionally, long-term treatment enhanced lipid peroxidation. By contrast, when the rats were treated with CyA plus SAMe using any of the administration protocols, SAMe was seen to be efficient in antagonizing the GSH hepatic depletion, the changes in hepatic GSH/GSSG ratio and the increase induced by CyA in lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, SAMe also abolished the effects of CyA on the biliary secretion rates of GSH and GSSG. The efficacy of SAMe was similar, regardless of the administration protocols used. In conclusion, our results clearly demonstrate that SAMe is good for preventing, antagonizing and reversing the CyA-induced alterations in the hepatobiliary homeostasis of glutathione

Effects of aging on the susceptibility to the toxic effects of cyclosporin A in rats. Changes in liver glutathione and antioxidant enzymes

[EN] Free radicals are involved in aging and cyclosporin A-induced toxicity. The age-related changes in the liver oxidative status of glutathione, lipid peroxidation, and the activity of the enzymatic antioxidant defense system, as well as the influence of aging on the susceptibility to the hepatotoxic effects of cyclosporin (CyA) were investigated in rats of different ages (1, 2, 4, and 24 months). The hepatic content of reduced glutathione (GSH) increased with aging, peaked at 4 months, and decreased in senescent rats. By contrast, glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were higher in the oldest than in the youngest rats. CyA treatment, besides inducing the well-known cholestatic syndrome, increased liver GSSG and TBARS contents and the GSSG/GSH molar ratio, and altered the nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant defense systems. The CyA-induced cholestasis and hepatic depletion of GSH, and the increases in the GSSG/GSH ratio, and in GSSG and TBARS concentrations were higher in the older than the mature rats. Moreover, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were found to be significantly decreased only in treated senescent rats. The higher CyA-induced oxidative stress, lipoperoxidation, and decreases in the antioxidant defense systems in the aged animals render them more susceptible to the hepatotoxic effects of cyclosporin. © 2001 Elsevier Science Inc

Effects of S-adenosylmethionine on intrabiliary glutathione degradation induced by long-term administration of cyclosporin A in the rat

[EN] We investigate the ability of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) to antagonize the cyclosporine A (CyA)-induced inhibition of biliary glutathione efflux induced by long-term administration of CyA (10 mg/kg per day-CyA10 or 20 mg/kg per day-CyA20 for 4 weeks) in rats. CyA treatment reduced the liver content of total glutathione and caused a significant increase in the oxidized-to-reduced glutathione ratio and the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) concentration. When the rats were concurrently treated with SAMe (10 mg/kg twice daily) and CyA, all these parameters did not significantly differ from control values. Treatment with CyA induced a significant increase in liver GGT activity that was attenuated by coadministration of SAMe. Biliary efflux of total glutathione was significantly reduced in animals treated with CyA. These changes were abolished by SAMe administration. Following inhibition of the intrabiliary catabolism of the tripeptide by acivicin, glutathione efflux rates increased to a lesser extent in animals cotreated with SAMe when compared to those receiving only CyA. The significant decrease in biliary efflux of oxidized glutathione induced by CyA was totally (S+CyA10) or partially (S+CyA20) prevented by coadministration of SAMe. Our observations confirm that SAMe cotreatment in rats antagonizes CyA-induced inhibition in the biliary efflux of glutathione and suggest that protection against intrabiliary glutathione degradation plays a major role in this protective effect

Effects of aging and cyclosporin treatment on the hepatobiliary efflux of glutathione

[EN] The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cyclosporin (CyA) treatment on biliary glutathione efflux in rats of different ages (1, 2, 4, and 24 months). CyA treatment reduced the liver content of total glutathione in 1-, 2- and 24 month old rats ( 30%, 43% and 30%, respectively). By contrast, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentration in liver tended to increase, although non significantly, in the rats aged 4 and 24 month ( + 36% and + 28%, respectively). The oxidized-to-reduced glutathione ratio was significantly increased in 2-, 4- and 24 month old animals ( + 23%, + 36% and >100%, respectively). Regarding biliary glutathione, our data indicate that efflux rates of total glutathione in control (untreated) rats increased to a maximum at 4 months, and decreased ( 56%) in 24 month old rats, although values were still higher than those from young animals. CyA treatment significantly reduced biliary glutathione secretion except in 24 month old rats ( 98%, 66% and 32%, at 1, 2 and 4 month, respectively). In addition, following inhibition of the intrabiliary catabolism of the tripeptide by acivicin, glutathione efflux rates into bile were significantly reduced by the drug only in 1- and 2 month old rats ( 29% and 55%, respectively) and even tended to increase, although non significantly, in oldest animals. Our data indicate that inhibition of biliary glutathione efflux by CyA was greater in younger rats and support the view that increased intrabiliary catabolism of the tripeptide and inhibition of its canalicular transport could contribute to the decline in biliary glutathione secretion induced by the drug

Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of GHRH antagonists in prostate cancer

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and its receptors have been implicated in the progression of various tumors. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that GHRH antagonists inhibit the growth of several cancers. GHRH antagonists, JMR-132 and JV-1-38 inhibit the growth of androgen-independent prostate tumors. Here we investigated the involvement of GHRH antagonists in proliferative and apoptotic processes. We used non-tumoral RWPE-1 and tumoral LNCaP and PC3 human prostatic epithelial cells, as well as an experimental model of human tumor PC3 cells. We evaluated the effects of JMR-132 and JV-1-38 antagonists on cell viability and proliferation in the three cell lines by means of MTT and BrdU assays, respectively, as well as on cell cycle and apoptotic process in PC3 cells. The expression levels of PCNA, p53, p21, CD44, Cyclin D1, c-myc, Bax and Bcl2 were determined in both in vivo and in vitro models by means of Western-blot and RT-PCR. GHRH antagonists suppressed cell proliferation and decreased the levels of the proliferation marker, PCNA, in the three cell lines and in PC3 tumor. GHRH antagonists led to an increase of cells in S-phase and a decrease in G1 and G2/M phases, and induced S-phase arrest and increase of apoptotic cells. The effects of GHRH-antagonists on cell cycle could be due to the changes observed in the expression of p21, p53, Bax, Bcl2, CD44, Cyclin D1, c-myc and caspase 3. Present results confirm and extend the role of GHRH antagonists as anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic molecules in prostate cancer.Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Manch

Antitumoral effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide in human renal cell carcinoma xenografts in athymic nude mice

We studied antitumor effect of VIP in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (A498 cells xenografted in immunosuppressed mice). VIP-treated cells gave resulted in p53 upregulation and decreased nuclear ?-catenin translocation and NFKB expression, MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities, VEGF levels and CD-34 expression. VIP led to a more differentiated tubular organization in tumours and less metastatic areas. Thus, VIP inhibits growth of A498-cell tumours acting on the major issues involved in RCC progression such as cell proliferation, microenvironment remodelling, tumour invasion, angiogenesis and metastatic ability. These antitumoral effects of VIP offer new therapeutical possibilities in RCC treatment.Ministerio de Ciencia e InnovaciónJunta de Comunidades de Castilla-La ManchaFundación Mutua MadrileñaFundación Jesús Serra (Grupo Catalana de Occidente

Impulsar el Mercado Agropecuario y Artesano Mediante Comunidades Digitales

El presente proyecto está delimitado en el lugar de Moniquirá, Boyacá debido a que este municipio centra la mayor parte de su economía en la agricultura “Principalmente con cultivos de caña de azúcar, café, y maíz, además de la industria panelera y del bocadillo” (Alcaldía de Moniquirá, 2022) y su artesanía, destacada en la artesanía en general, pero principalmente, aquellas elaboradas en cerámica