Short-term microbial response after laboratory heating and ground mulching adition.

Fire alters soil organic matter inducing quantitative and qualitative changes that presumably will affect post-fire soil microbial recolonisation. Several studies have evidenced marked soil organic carbon reduction after moderate and high intensity fire, which limit the total recovery of microbial biomass during years. In order to evaluate the role of soil organic matter alteration in short-term microbial colonization process, we perform a preliminary experiment where unaltered soil from Sierra Nevada Natural Park was heated at 300 ºC during 20 minutes in a muffle furnace (H300) to simulate a medium-high intensity fire. After heating, soil samples were inoculated with unaltered fresh soil, rewetted at 55-65% of water holding capacity and incubated during 3 weeks. At the same time, unheated soil samples were incubated under the same conditions as control (UH). In addition, trying to partially alleviate soil organic matter fire-induced alterations effects on microbial colonization, we include an organic amendment treatment (M+). So, part of heated and unheated samples were amended with a mix of ground alfalfa:straw (1:1) and soil microbial abundance and activity were monitored together with soil organic matter changes. Heating process reduces total organic carbon content. After one week of incubation carbon content in heated samples was lower than the control one, in both, amended and un-amended samples. Microbial biomass and respiration were negatively affected by heating. Ground mulching addition increase microbial biomass and respiration but was not enough to reach control values during the whole study. Nevertheless, viable and cultivable fungi and bacteria showed different pattern. After two weeks of incubation both, fungi and bacteria were higher in heated samples. Ground mulching addition appears to stimulate fungal response in both, heated and unheated samples. Preliminary results of this experiment evidence the transcendence of soil organic matter fire-induced changes on microbial colonization process and the importance to determine several microbial parameters to obtain a more faithful conclusion about microbial response. The organic amendment appears to alleviate partially heated-induced damage, highlighting the positive stimulation on fungal abundance in both, heated and unheated samples.This research has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through research projects POSTFIRE (CGL2013-47862-C2-1-R) and GEOFIRE (CGL2012-38655-C04-01)Peer Reviewe

Fire impact and assessment of post-fire actions of a typical Mediterranean forest from SW Spain

Poster presentado en lal EGU General Assembly 2015, held 12-17 April, 2015 in Vienna, Austria. id.2248Wildfires may cause significant changes in soil physical and chemical properties. In addition, soil organic matter (SOM) content and chemical properties are usually affected by fire. Fire impacts may negatively affect soil health and quality, and induce or enhance runoff generation and, thereby, soil erosion risk and cause damages to the habitat of species. This fact is especially dramatic in Mediterranean ecosystems, where forest fires are a frequent phenomenon and restoration strategies are a key issue. The goals of this study are to determine: i) the immediate effects of fire on soil properties, including changes occurred in the quantity and quality of SOM and ii) the effect of post-fire actions on soil properties. In August 2012, a wildfire affected a forest area of approx. 90 ha in Montellano (Seville, SW Spain; longitude 37.00 º, latitude -5.56 º). This area is dominated by pines (Pinus pinaster and Pinus halepensis), and eucalypts (Eucaliptus globulus) with a Mediterranean climate. Dominant soil types are Rendzic Leptosols and Calcaric Haplic Regosols. It is a poorly limestone-developed soil (usually swallower than 25 cm). Four soil subsamples were collected 1 month and 25 months after fire within an area of approximately 200 m2. Subsamples were mixed together, homogenized, air-dried, crushed and sieved (2 mm). One control sample was collected in an adjacent area. The litter layer was removed by hand and studied separately. Branches, stems, bushes and plant residues on the fire-affected area were removed 16 months after the fire using heavy machinery as part of the post-fire management. The present research focuses on the study of the elemental composition (C, H and N) and physical properties (pH, water holding capacity, electrical conductivity) of bulk soil samples, and on the spectroscopic analysis (FT-IR, 13C NMR) and analytical pyrolysis data obtained from bulk the oils and from the humic acid fraction. immediate effects of fire, including the charring of vegetation and litter, as the input of charred residues may contribute to increase the total amount of soil organic matter. The post-fire removal of vegetation probably contributed to an additional loss of soil material due to an increase of the erosion risk. In addition, preliminary results point out that the burnt soil is not being recovered to the pre-fire conditions at a molecular level neither in the elemental composition. Results of this study will constitute a valuable tool for stake holders and decision makers to avoid additional alterations caused by post fire management of fire affected forests.Peer Reviewe

Effect of a long-term afforestation of pine in a beech domain in NE-Spain revealed by analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS).

Poster presentado en lal EGU General Assembly 2015, held 12-17 April, 2015 in Vienna, Austria. id.12736The replacement of native beech forests (Fagus sylvatica) by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) afforestation may exert changes in soil properties, particularly in soil organic matter (SOM) [1]. It is known that the products generated by Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) pyrolysis of organic matter are related to their origin [2 and references therein]. Therefore this technique can be used to investigate said changes. In this work, Py-GC/MS is used to study changes in SOM quality surrogated to the effect of the centennial replacement of beech by Scots pine. The soils studied were two acid soil profiles developed on quartzites under a humid climate at an altitude of 1400-1500 masl from Moncayo (Iberian range, NE-Spain). For each soil profile three organic layers (litter: OL, fragmented litter OF and humified litter OH) and the mineral soil horizons (Ah, E, Bhs and C) were sampled. After 100 years since the pine afforestation, differences in the relative abundance of lipids released by pyrolysis were observed in the O-layers ranging from 3.82-7.20% in pine soils and 0.98-1.25% in beech soils. No differences were observed in mineral horizons with depth except for the C horizons where beech lipid content was much higher (21.25%) than in that under pine (1.07%). Both pine and beech soils show similar nitrogen compounds relative contents along the soil profile, increasing from OL to Ah (3.49-9.11% and 2.75-11.73% in beech and pine respectively) with a conspicuous reduction in the E horizon. It is remarkable the absence of nitrogen compounds in beech Bhs and C horizons. The relative content of aromatic compounds in O-layers show opposite trends for beech and pine; an enrichment in aromatic compounds is observed in beech OL layer (12.39%) decreasing to 4.11% in OH layer in contrast, whereas for pine O-layers the aromatic compounds relative abundance was higher in the OH (5.83%) than in the OL layer (2.8%). Mineral Ah and E horizons show similar values in both beech (18.30-10.09%) and pine (15.81-10.01%) soils; nevertheless the relative abundance of aromatic compounds content is higher in beech mineral horizons Bhs (41.96%) and C (30.91%) than in those under pine (11.43% and 13.04% for Bhs and C respectively). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were only observed in the mineral soil horizons showing similar relative abundances ranging from 0.61-6.63% in beech and 0.96-3.05% in pine soils. The highest PAHs relative abundance was found in the Bhs horizon under beech. This may indicate the occurrence of fire events in the area and its translocation and accumulation by leaching from top soil in the spodic horizon. Differences in the relative abundances of lignin derived pyrolysis products (Methoxyphenols) were mainly observed in the O-layers whereas the relative abundances were similar for the mineral horizons that ranged from 1.49-4.31% in beech and 1.42-4.67% in pine. Lignin relative abundance is much higher in OH beech layer (31.88%) than in pine OH layer (14.99%) whereas similar relative contents were found in OL and OF layers ranging from 26.21-27-12% and 20.22-25.92% in beech and pine respectively. In the soil developed under beech the polysaccharide derived moieties show a relative content increase along the profile from a 9.86% in OL layer to a 29.86% in E horizon followed by a remarkable decrease in the Bhs (4.86%) and C (11.22%). Besides, the polysaccharide relative abundance in the soil under pine show a similar trend ranging from 12-23% to 30.65% but the decrease in Bhs and C horizons was found less marked (26.83% and 24.12% respectively).This study is part of the results of the FUEGOSOL (CGL2013-43440-R) and GEOFIRE Projects (CGL2012-38655-C04-01) funded by the Spanish Ministry for Economy and Competitiveness. N.T Jiménez-Morillo is funded by a FPI research grant (BES-2013-062573).Peer Reviewe

Direct specific isotopic analysis of compounds released by pyrolysis (Py-CSIA): Novel applications in paleoenvironmental studies

Poster J.03 presentado en el The 40th International Symposium on Capillary Chromatography and 13th GCxGC Symposium May 29-June 03, (2016) Riva del Garda Fierecongressi, Riva del Garda, Italyisotopic analysis (Py-CSIA) and analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS) opens new windows of information and is particularly useful to study solid materials that are not soluble and therefore not amenable by conventional GC/MS techniques. Py-CSIA is a rather novel hyphenated technique that combines the chromatographic separation of compounds released by pyrolysis (Py-GC) with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The technique allows the measurement of stable isotope proportions i.e., δ13C, δ15N and δ2H, δ18O in specific compounds released by pyrolysis. The sample preparation is minimized and a molecular fingerprinting of the material is achieved.N

Effect of Ph and vegetation cover in soil organic matter structure at a high-mountain ecosystem (Sierra Nevada National Park, Granada, Spain)

Poster nº 8246 en EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020During the last decade, soil organic matter dynamics and its determining factors have received increased attention, mainly due to the evident implication of these parameters in climate change understanding, predictions and possible management. High-mountain soil could be considered as hotspot of climate change dynamic since its high carbon accumulation and low organic matter degradation rates could be seriously altered by slight changes in temperature and rainfall regimes associated to climate change effects. In the particular case of Sierra Nevada National Park, this threat could be even stronger due to its Southern character, although its elevated biodiversity could shed some light on how could we predict and manage climate change in the future. In this study, a quantitative and qualitative organic matter characterization was performed and soil microbial activity measured to evaluate the implication of pH and vegetation in soil organic matter dynamics. The sampling areas were selected according to vegetation and soil pH; with distinct soil pH (area A with pH7) and vegetation (high-mountain shrubs and pine reforested area). Soil samples were collected under the influence of several plant species representatives of each vegetation series. Six samples were finally obtained (five replicates each); three were collected in area A under Juniperus communis ssp. Nana (ENE), Genista versicolor (PIO) and Pinus sylvestris (PSI) and other three were collected in area B under Juniperus Sabina (SAB), Astragalus nevadensis (AST) and Pinus sylvestris (PCA). Qualitative and quantitative analyses of soil organic matter were made to establish a possible relationship with microbial activity estimated by respiration rate (alkali trap) and fungi-to-bacteria ratio using a plate count method. Soil easily oxidizable organic carbon content was determined by the Walkley-Black method (SOC %) and organic matter amount was estimated by weight loss on ignition (LOI %). Analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS) was used to analyse in detail the soil organic carbon composition. Our results showed that the microbial and therefore the dynamics of organic matter is influenced by both, soil pH and soil of organic matter. So that the pH in acidic media prevail as a determining factor of microbial growth over soil organic matter composition conditioned by vegetation.Ministerio de Ciencia Innovación y Universidades (MICIU) for INTERCARBON project (CGL2016-78937-R). N.T. Jiménez-Morillo and L. San Emeterio also thanks MICIU for funding FPI research grants (BES-2013-062573 and Ref. BES-2017-07968). Mrs Desiré Monis is acknowledged for technical assistance

The HIRES-SOM Project: Soil organic matter and microbial communities in volcanic materials from La Palma Island assessed by high-resolution techniques: implications for pedogenesis and sustainability

Comunicación oral presentada en el 1st European Meeting on Geomicrobiology of volcanic caves. días 2-3 de marzo de 2023 celebrado en la Casa de la Ciencia-CSIC de SevillaThe HIRES-SOM project is a multidisciplinary project funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain, aimed at generating knowledge on soil organic matter (SOM) and microbiota to guide novel strategies for the sustainable management of volcanic soils. The investigation will be conducted within the framework of the recent Tajogaite eruption in La Palma Island, which constitutes an optimal benchmark both for scientific research on freshly erupted materials and for the management of affected soils of high added value. Insights into the generation and resilience of SOM and of the associated microbiota will be explored with advanced biogeochemical, microbiological, mineralogy and modelling techniques [1,2]. The main goals of the project are twofold. On the one hand, it intends to assess the state and evolution of the SOM and microbiota in soils calcined by the lava flows and covered by the pyroclastic ashes. On the other hand, fundamental understanding will be sought about the initial stages of pedogenesis and consolidation of organic matter on the eruptive materials. The project intends to identify primary microbial communities and molecular precursors of organic matter in volcanic ash, lava flows and eruption-affected soils. Moreover, accelerated microbial colonization of volcanic substrates under laboratory conditions will allow monitoring photoautotrophic microorganisms that colonize natural volcanic materials, with the ultimate innovative goal of devising methods for the rapid fertilization of porous pyroclastic ashes by indigenous microorganisms for sustainable soil regeneration. References: [1] Martinez-Haya et al, Energy Fuels 35 (2021) 8699; Talanta 185 (2018) 299; Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 22 (2020) 19725. [2] Miller A., et al, Sci Total Environ 426 (2012) 1; Geomicrobiol. J. 31 (2014) 236; Sedimentology 65 (2018) 1482; Sci Total Environ 698 (2020) 134321; Coatings 10 (2020) 1134.The HIRES-SOM project is funded by the Ecological and Digital Transition Programme of the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (grants TED2021-130683B-C21/C22).N

Mindfulness in primary care healthcare and teaching professionals and its relationship with stress at work: a multicentric cross-sectional study

Background: Work stress is a common problem among the health personnel of the Spanish National Health System. The objective of this paper is to assess the state of mindfulness among Spanish primary care providers and to evaluate its potential relationship with work stress and basic labor and sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: Cross-sectional, multi-centric study. Primary care nurses, teachers, teaching collaborators and residents assigned to six Spanish Family Medicine/Family and Community Care Departments were invited to participate (n = 475). A template was designed in Google Forms, including sociodemographic and work-related variables. The state of mindfulness was measured with the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), while work-related stress was measured using an ordinal scale ranging from 0 to 10 points. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were carried out, as well as bivariate and multivariate statistics. Results: The mean age of participants was 40, 14 ± 13.12 (range:23–65 years); 66.9% were women, 42.5% internal medicine residents, 29.3% family physicians, and 20.2% nurses. More than half (54.5%) knew about mindfulness, with 24.0% have received training on it, and 22.5% were usual practitioners. The average level of mindfulness was 127.18 ± 15.45 (range: 89–177). The average score of stress at work was 6.00 ± 2.44; 49.9% (range: 0–10). 49.9% of participants scored 7 or more on the stress at work scale. There was an inverse correlation between the levels of mindfulness (FFMQ total score) and work-related stress (Spearman’s r = - 0.155, p = 0.003). Significant relationships between the mindfulness practice and the level of mindfulness (F = 29.80, p < 0.001), as well as between the mindfulness practice and the level of work-related stress (F = 9.68, p = 0.042), were also found. Conclusions: Levels of mindfulness in primary care health providers were in line with those levels observed in other groups of health professionals. Half of all of the primary care providers suffered from a high degree of stress. Although weak, inverse relationships were observed between levels of mindfulness and stress at work, with lower values of stress at work among those who practiced mindfulness. Trial registration: NCT03629457

Organic geochemistry and mineralogy suggest anthropogenic impact in speleothem chemistry from volcanic show caves of the Galapagos

20 páginas.- 8 figuras.- 1 tabla.- 94 referencias.- Supplemental information can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104556The network of lava tubes is one of the most unexploited natural wonders of the Galapagos Islands. Here, we provide the first morphological, mineralogical, and biogeochemical assessment of speleothems from volcanic caves of the Galapagos to understand their structure, composition, and origin, as well as to identify organic molecules preserved in speleothems. Mineralogical analyses revealed that moonmilk and coralloid speleothems from Bellavista and Royal Palm Caves were composed of calcite, opal-A, and minor amounts of clay minerals. Extracellular polymeric substances, fossilized bacteria, silica microspheres, and cell imprints on siliceous minerals evidenced microbe-mineral interactions and biologically-mediated silica precipitation. Alternating depositional layers between siliceous and carbonate minerals and the detection of biomarkers of surface vegetation and anthropogenic stressors indicated environmental and anthropogenic changes (agriculture, human waste, and cave visits) on these unique underground resources. Stable isotope analysis and Py-GC/MS were key to robustly identify biomarkers, allowing for implementation of future protection policies.This research work received funding from the European Commission’s 7th Framework Programme under the Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship PIEF-GA-2012-328689-DECAVE. The financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN) under the research project TUBOLAN PID2019- 108672RJ-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 is also acknowledged. In addition, this work received support from: i) the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the MICROCENO project (PTDC/CTA-AMB/0608/2020), the EROFIRE project (PCIF-RPG-0079-2018) and the project UID/Multi/04449/2019 for HERCULES/UE. A.Z.M. was supported by the CEECIND/01147/2017 contract from FCT, and the Ramón y Cajal contract (RYC2019-026885-I) from the MCIN. M.L.C. and N.T.J.M. were supported by CEECIND/00349/2017 and 2021/00711/CEECIND contracts, respectively, funded by FCT. F.G. was financially supported by the ‘‘HIPATIA’’ research program of the University of Almería and a Ramón y Cajal Fellowship (RYC2020-029811-I) of MCIN.Peer reviewe

Unveiling chemical biosignatures in Mars analog lava tubes

Resumen de la comunicación oral presentada en EANA2023: 23rd European Astrobiology Conference 19-22 September 2023, Madrid, SpainVolcanic eruptions are geological events spewing large amounts of magma-derived products such as hot lava, volcanic ash, water, and gases. Among the most iconic features of effusive eruptions are lava tubes, which have also been detected on the Moon and Mars. On Earth, these cavities are rapidly colonized by specialized microorganisms, whose growth is fueled by surface-derived organic matter transported via percolation water or by CO2 fixed in situ by chemolithoautotrophic organisms. The likelihood presence of essential life-supporting molecules on Mars, coupled with the interconnection between the origin of life and volcanic eruptions, leads to an intriguing possibility: the existence of specialized chemoautotrophic life within planetary caves. This notion fuels excitement regarding the potential preservation of microbial life within the lava tubes of Mars. Combining microbiological, mineralogical, and organic geochemistry tools, an in-depth characterization of speleothems and associated microbial communities in lava tubes of Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain) is provided. The aim is to untangle the underlying factors influencing microbial colonization in Earth’s subsurface in order to gain insight into the possibility of similar subsurface microbial habitats on Mars and to unequivocally identify biosignatures preserved in lava tubes. In this sense, analytical pyrolysis, stable isotope analysis and chemometrics were conducted to characterize the complex organic fraction preserved in speleothems from Lanzarote lava tubes, one of the best terrestrial analogues to Martian volcanology. Our data show that bacterial communities are important contributors to biomarker records in volcanic-hosted speleothems. Within them, the lipid fraction primarily consists of low molecular weight n-alkanes, α-alkenes, and branched-alkenes, providing further evidence that microorganisms serve as the origin of organic matter in these formations. Thus, our research will lay the foundation for investigating the ancient environments of Mars, encompassing its geodiversity, with the aim of identifying potential biosignatures within Mars analogue lava tubes.This work received support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN) under the research project TUBOLAN PID2019-108672RJ-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033. The financial support from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the MICROCENO project (PTDC/CTA-AMB/0608/2020) is also acknowledged. S.G-P was supported by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) through the intramural project PIE_20214AT021. A.Z.M. was supported by the Ramón y Cajal contract (RYC2019-026885-I) from the MCIN.N

Aplicación de enmiendas orgánicas producidas a partir de residuos agrícolas en suelos calcáreos

Resumen de la comunicación oral presentada en RENS 2023 XXXIII Reunión Nacional de Suelos. Pamplona, del 12-15 de septiembre 2023 .- El libro de resúmenes lo puede descargar en https://www2.unavarra.es/gesadj/seccionActualidad/congresos/rens2023_libro_resumenes.pdfLa agricultura actual se enfrenta al reto de garantizar el suministro de alimentos a una población en continuo crecimiento mientras la actividad humana ya ha deteriorado sobre el 40% de los suelos cultivables del planeta, aumentando la dependencia de los fertilizantes minerales. En este contexto, la valorización de residuos agrícolas para utilizarlos como sustratos o suplementos del suelo se propone como alternativa, creando además una solución a la generación masiva de residuos orgánicos agro-ganaderos. Este trabajo muestra las propiedades físicas de interés agrnómico y la composición (macro y micronutrientes) de biochars, composts y cenizas producidas a partir de restos vegetales de las agroindustrias olivadera y des arroz, y los efectos de su aplicación a los suelos calcáreos (Xerochrept y Luvisol) bajo condiciones de clima mediterraneo. Las enmiendas mostraron atributos apropiados para mejorar las propiedades agronómicas del suelo. El biochar mostró una alta aromaticidad y abundancia de C orgánico estable. Las enmiendas ricas en ceniza mostraron altos contenidos en P y K y micronutrientes. El compost presento una elevada capacidad de retención de agua y un adecuado balance de C y N. Todas las enmiendas orgánicas redujeron la hidrofobicidad del suelo. La aplicación de biochar consiguió aunmentar la humedad del suelo en los primeros 10 cm y reducir su compactación, los que se evidencio por la reducción significativa de la resistencia del suelo a la penetrabilidad. Las plantas de las parcelas enmendadas mostraron un mejor potencial hídrico foliar. Además, los valores de la tasa de fotosíntesis neta, la eficiencia media de uso del agua intrínseca y la tasa máxima del transporte de electrones en el momento de la cosecha mejoraron significativamente en los árboles de las parcelas enmendadas con una dosis de biochar de 40 t ha-1. En relación al ciclo de C, la adición de compost incrementó de manera significativa la respiración (emisión de CO2) y la cantidad de C procedente de microorganismos. El uso de biochar por su parte, incrementó el contenido en materia orgánica estable en los primeros 5 cm de suelo y redujo la abundancia total de microorganismos 2 años después de su aplicación.Al Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación y a la Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) por la financiación del proyecto AGRORES (PID2021-1263490B-C22).N