Coronal Sources and In Situ Properties of the Solar Winds Sampled by ACE During 1999 - 2008

We identify the coronal sources of the solar winds sampled by the ACE spacecraft during 1999-2008, and examine the in situ solar wind properties as a function of wind sources. The standard two-step mapping technique is adopted to establish the photospheric footpoints of the magnetic flux tubes along which the ACE winds flow. The footpoints are then placed in the context of EIT 284~\AA\ images and photospheric magnetograms, allowing us to categorize the sources into four groups: coronal holes (CHs), active regions (ARs), the quiet Sun (QS), and "Undefined". This practice also enables us to establish the response to solar activity of the fractions occupied by each kind of solar winds, and of their speeds and O$^{7+}$/O$^{6+}$ ratios measured in situ. We find that during the maximum phase, the majority of ACE winds originate from ARs. During the declining phase, CHs and ARs are equally important contributors to the ACE solar winds. The QS contribution increases with decreasing solar activity, and maximizes in the minimum phase when QS appear to be the primary supplier of the ACE winds. With decreasing activity, the winds from all sources tend to become cooler, as represented by the increasingly low O$^{7+}$/O$^{6+}$ ratios. On the other hand, during each activity phase, the AR winds tend to be the slowest and associated with the highest O$^{7+}$/O$^{6+}$ ratios, and the CH winds correspond to the other extreme, with the QS winds lying in between. Applying the same analysis method to the slow winds only, here defined as the winds with speeds lower than 500 km s$^{-1}$, we find basically the same overall behavior, as far as the contributions of individual groups of sources are concerned. This statistical study indicates that QS regions are an important source of the solar wind during the minimum phase.Comment: 24 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Solar Physic

Sources of quasi-periodic propagating disturbances above a solar polar coronal hole

Quasi-periodic propagating disturbances (PDs) are ubiquitous in polar coronal holes on the Sun. It remains unclear as to what generates PDs. In this work, we investigate how the PDs are generated in the solar atmosphere by analyzing a fourhour dataset taken by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). We find convincing evidence that spicular activities in the solar transition region as seen in the AIA 304 {\AA} passband are responsible for PDs in the corona as revealed in the AIA 171 {\AA} images. We conclude that spicules are an important source that triggers coronal PDs.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ

Sensorineural Hearing Loss as the Prominent Symptom in Meningeal Carcinomatosis

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) has been reported rarely in patients with meningeal carcinomatosis (MC). We summarized the clinical data of eight MC patients with SNHL and 35 patients reported from publications. In the eight patients with SNHL, the medium onset age was 48 (range from 37 to 66) years and six (75%) were male. Seven (87.5%) suffered from headaches as the initial symptom, and they experienced SNHL during the first two months after the occurrence of headaches (0.5 to 2 months, average 1.5 months). The audiogram configuration was flat in three patients (37.5%) and showed total deafness in five patients (62.5%). The damage of cranial nerves VI (abducens) was observed in six patients (75%), and four patients (50%) had cranial nerves VII (facial) injury during the disease course. The percentage of damage of cranial nerves was higher than the patients without SNHL (VIth, 75.0% vs. 13.3%, p = 0.002 and VIIth 50.0% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.012). Four (50%) patients suffered from lung adenocarcinoma as primary tumor, two (25%) experienced stomach adenocarcinoma, one had colon cancer, and one patient was unknown. The symptom of SNHL improved after individualized therapy in four patients (focal radiotherapy and chemotherapy for three patients and whole brain radiotherapy for one patient), but all passed away from 2 to 11 months after diagnosis. Total deafness and flat hearing loss in audiogram were the common types of SNHL resulting from MC. MC patients with SNHL were more likely to suffer from the damage of other cranial nerves, especially to cranial nerves VI and VII. Treatment might improve SNHL, but not improve the case fatality rate

Kato Chaos in Linear Dynamics

This paper introduces the concept of Kato chaos to linear dynamics and its induced dynamics. This paper investigates some properties of Kato chaos for a continuous linear operator T and its induced operators T¯. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) If a linear operator is accessible, then the collection of vectors whose orbit has a subsequence converging to zero is a residual set. (2) For a continuous linear operator defined on Fréchet space, Kato chaos is equivalent to dense Li–Yorke chaos. (3) Kato chaos is preserved under the iteration of linear operators. (4) A sufficient condition is obtained under which the Kato chaos for linear operator T and its induced operators T¯ are equivalent. (5) A continuous linear operator is sensitive if and only if its inducing operator T¯ is sensitive. It should be noted that this equivalence does not hold for nonlinear dynamics

Effective Real-time Anycast Flow Connection Algorithm and Delay Analysis

Define anycast services as a group of replicated servers that may provide similar or identical services. Using anycast services can significantly simplify some applications such as to seek appropriate servers to provide quality of service and to achieve the load balance and fault-tolerance for service availability. An anycast flow is a sequence of packet that can be established between a user and any server in an anycast (replicated) service group. This paper studies a set of efficient distributed connection setup algorithms for real-time anycast flows. Given an anycast flow between a server j and a request node s with end-to-end deadline Ds,j and minimum bandwidth requirement Bs,j, our algorithms can effectively seek multiple destination connections in parallel thus the best path which satisfies the requirements of the anycast flow is chosen. The deterministic approach for worst delay bound analysis is also given.

Diagenetic characteristics under abnormally low pressure: A case from the Paleogene of southern Western Sag, Liaohe Depression, Bohai Bay Basin

The effects of low pressure and abnormally low pressure on reservoir diagenesis and physical property of the Paleocene in southern part of Western Sag of Liaohe Depression, Bohai Bay Basin have been analyzed using large amounts of pressure, physical property and formation testing data. When formation pressure is low or abnormally low, the pore fluid has lower pressure, the overburden litho-static pressure is largely born by the sandstone framework, sometimes over compaction occurs, leading to densification of reservoir and stronger mechanical compaction; residual formation pressure has a negative correlation with carbonate cement content, low pressure or abnormally low pressure tight sandstone formations have higher carbonate cement content than sandstone formations with hydrostatic pressure or weak overpressure; pore fluid in sandstones with low pressure or abnormally low pressure has higher Si4+, conducive to the siliceous cementation; when dissolution happens, reservoirs with low pressure or abnormally low pressure, poor in original physical properties, are not favorable for the injection of dissolution fluid and the expulsion of dissolution products, so they have weaker dissolution. In summary, reservoirs with low pressure or abnormally low pressure have poorer physical properties. Key words: abnormally low pressure, diagenesis, reservoir physical property, tight sandstone, Western Sag, Liaohe Depressio

Single molecule sequencing of the M13 virus genome without amplification

<div><p>Next generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized life sciences research. However, GC bias and costly, time-intensive library preparation make NGS an ill fit for increasing sequencing demands in the clinic. A new class of third-generation sequencing platforms has arrived to meet this need, capable of directly measuring DNA and RNA sequences at the single-molecule level without amplification. Here, we use the new GenoCare single-molecule sequencing platform from Direct Genomics to sequence the genome of the M13 virus. Our platform detects single-molecule fluorescence by total internal reflection microscopy, with sequencing-by-synthesis chemistry. We sequenced the genome of M13 to a depth of 316x, with 100% coverage. We determined a consensus sequence accuracy of 100%. In contrast to GC bias inherent to NGS results, we demonstrated that our single-molecule sequencing method yields minimal GC bias.</p></div