Throwing overhead sports

This issue of eMedRef provides information to clinicians on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutics of injuries that may occur while playing sports which require overhead throwing

Augmentation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells by CD137

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Dual Functions of Interferon Regulatory Factors 7C in Epstein-Barr Virus–Mediated Transformation of Human B Lymphocytes

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with several human malignancies. Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 7 (IRF-7) has several splicing variants, and at least the major splicing variant (IRF-7A) has oncogenic potential and is associated with EBV transformation processes. IRF-7C is an alternative splicing variant with only the DNA-binding domain of IRF-7. Whether IRF-7C is present under physiological conditions and its functions in viral transformation are unknown. In this report, we prove the existence of IRF-7C protein and RNA in certain cells under physiological conditions, and find that high levels of IRF-7C are associated with EBV transformation of human primary B cells in vitro as well as EBV type III latency. EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) stimulates IRF-7C expression in B lymphocytes. IRF-7C has oncogenic potential in rodent cells and partially restores the growth properties of EBV-transformed cells under a growth-inhibition condition. A tumor array experiment has identified six primary tumor specimens with high levels of IRF-7C protein—all of them are lymphomas. Furthermore, we show that the expression of IRF-7C is apparently closely associated with other IRF-7 splicing variants. IRF- 7C inhibits the function of IRF-7 in transcriptional regulation of IFN genes. These data suggest that EBV may use splicing variants of IRF-7 for its transformation process in two strategies: to use oncogenic properties of various IRF-7 splicing variants, but use one of its splicing variants (IRF-7C) to block the IFN-induction function of IRF-7 that is detrimental for viral transformation. The work provides a novel relation of host/virus interactions, and has expanded our knowledge about IRFs in EBV transformation

Cryo-EM Structure of a Novel Calicivirus, Tulane Virus.

Tulane virus (TV) is a newly isolated cultivatable calicivirus that infects juvenile rhesus macaques. Here we report a 6.3 Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the TV virion. The TV virion is about 400 Å in diameter and consists of a T = 3 icosahedral protein capsid enclosing the RNA genome. 180 copies of the major capsid protein VP1 (~57 KDa) are organized into two types of dimers A/B and C/C and form a thin, smooth shell studded with 90 dimeric protrusions. The overall capsid organization and the capsid protein fold of TV closely resemble that of other caliciviruses, especially of human Norwalk virus, the prototype human norovirus. These close structural similarities support TV as an attractive surrogate for the non-cultivatable human noroviruses. The most distinctive feature of TV is that its C/C dimers are in a highly flexible conformation with significantly reduced interactions between the shell (S) domain and the protruding (P) domain of VP1. A comparative structural analysis indicated that the P domains of TV C/C dimers were much more flexible than those of other caliciviruses. These observations, combined with previous studies on other caliciviruses, led us to hypothesize that the enhanced flexibility of C/C dimer P domains are likely required for efficient calicivirus-host cell interactions and the consequent uncoating and genome release. Residues in the S-P1 hinge between the S and P domain may play a critical role in the flexibility of P domains of C/C dimers

Output Consensus Regulation for State-Unmeasurable Discrete-Time Multiagent Systems with External Disturbances

This paper deals with the output consensus regulation problem for discrete-time multiagent systems with state-unmeasurable agents and external disturbances under directed communication network topologies. Firstly, the mathematical model for the output consensus problem of discrete-time multiagent systems is deduced and formulated via making matrix transformation. Then, based on state observers, a novel output consensus protocol with dynamic compensator which is used as observer for the exosystem is proposed to solve this problem. Some knowledge of matrix theory and graph theory is introduced to design protocol parameters and the convergence of output consensus errors is proved. Finally, a numerical simulation example is shown to verify the effectiveness of the proposed protocol design

Characteristics of the Tan-Lu Strike-Slip Fault and Its Controls on Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Liaodong Bay Sub-Basin, Bohai Bay Basin, China

The Tan-Lu Fault, one of the major strike-slip structures in China, controlled the development of most of the Meso-Cenozoic NNE trend rifted petroliferous basins in east China. It has cut across the Bohai Bay Basin since the late Cenozoic and played an important role in hydrocarbon accumulation and distribution in the Liaodong Bay sub-basin of the Bohai Bay Basin. The purpose of this paper is to study the geometry of the Tan-Lu strike-slip and how it affected petroleum system development in the Liaodong Bay sub-basin. The innovative seismic interpretation revealed the western branch of the Tan-Lu strike-slip fault cut through the Liaozhong depression of the sub-basin and its eastern branch superimposed on the earlier extensional boundary fault of the sub-basin. The strike-slip movement is characterized by a distinctive strike-slip zone associated with the NE en echelon faults in the central part of the Liaozhong depression and also caused the formation of the Liaodong uplift and the Liaodong depression in the east Liaodong Bay Sub-basin. Rapid movement of the Tan-Lu strike-slip fault has deepened the Liaozhong depression and facilitated the maturation of source rock. Related fault movement formed a series of structural traps and paleotopographic highs and lows that subsequently controlled sediment dispersal and the distribution of stratigraphic-related traps within sequence stratigraphic framework. Exploration practice, geochemical study and petroleum system modeling demonstrate that the Tan-Lu strike-slip and its associated faults acted as good hydrocarbon migration pathways and hydrocarbon accumulated in many traps associated with the Tan-Lu strike-slip zone. Many recent discoveries along the strike-slip zone prove that the petroleum system in Liaodong Bay Sub-basin was mainly controlled by the activity of the Tan-Lu strike-slip. The resulting hydrocarbon accumulation model in this sub-basin may provide a paradigm for the prediction of hydrocarbon accumulation to other east China basins along the Tan-Lu strike-slip fault zone. Key words: Liaodong Bay Sub-basin; Tan-Lu strike-slip fault; Hydrocarbon accumulation; Petroleum system; Sequence stratigraph