Increasing and decreasing entanglement characteristics for continuous variables by a local photon subtraction

We investigate how the entanglement characteristics of a non-Gaussian entangled state are increased or decreased by a local photon subtraction operation. The non-Gaussian entangled state is generated by injecting a single-mode non-Gaussian state and a vacuum state into a 50:50 beam splitter. We consider a photon-added coherent state and an odd coherent state as a single-mode non-Gaussian state. In the regime of small amplitude, we show that the performance of quantum teleportation and the second-order Einstein-Podolsky- Rosen-type correlation can both be enhanced, whereas the degree of entanglement decreases, for the output state when a local photon subtraction operation is applied to the non-Gaussian entangled state. The counterintuitive effect is more prominent in the limit of nearly zero amplitude.Comment: Published version, 7 pages, 3 figure

Enhancing quantum entanglement for continuous variables by a coherent superposition of photon subtraction and addition

We investigate how the entanglement properties of a two-mode state can be improved by performing a coherent superposition operation of photon subtraction and addition, proposed by Lee and Nha [Phys. Rev. A 82, 053812 (2010)], on each mode. We show that the degree of entanglement, the EPR-type correlation, and the performance of quantum teleportation can be all enhanced for the output state when the coherent operation is applied to a two-mode squeezed state. The effects of the coherent operation are more prominent than those of the mere photon subtraction and the addition particularly in the small squeezing regime, whereas the optimal operation becomes the photon subtraction in the large-squeezing regime.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, published versio

What Type Of Framing Message Is More Appropriate With Nine-Ending Pricing?

While the effect of nine-ending prices on purchases has been well documented, studies that examine the impact of this pricing technique in the context of advertisements are rare. This paper examines the joint effect of the pricing technique and message frames on the advertisement efficacy. Since a nine-ending price is compatible with gain-framed messages due to its gain image, we propose that nine-ending pricing strengthens the effectiveness of gain-framed messages (versus loss-framed messages) on the overall advertisement efficacy. The results of two experiments provide support for this hypothesis

Hypermethylation of MGMT and DAPK gene promoters is associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma

AbstractBackground/purposeOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the fourth major cause of mortality among males in Asia. The tumorigenesis of OSCC is a multi-step process characterized by sequential morphological changes. The extent of lymph node metastasis is a major determinant in the prognosis of cancer. Hypermethylation is an important pathway for repression of gene transcription in cancer cells and a promising marker for cancer detection. It is also found in early metastatic cancer patients.Materials and methodsSixty-four histologically confirmed OSCC tissues and corresponding nontumorous tissues were enrolled in this study. DNA was extracted. The promoter methylation status of the p16, death-associated protein kinase (DAPK), MGMT, and glutathione S-transferase genes in OSCC tissues was evaluated by a methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction analysis.ResultsFrequencies of promoter hypermethylation of p16, DAPK, and MGMT in OSCC tissue were 67.2%, 45.3%, and 31.3%, respectively. No methylation was found in normal oral mucosa. Methylation rates of MGMT (50%) and DAPK (55.6%) in metastasized OSCC were higher than those of MGMT (23.9%) and DAPK (41.3%) in nonmetastasized OSCC. No glutathione S-transferase P methylation was found in any tissue samples.ConclusionsOur study supports the hypothesis that hypermethylation of p16 gene promoters may indicate a high risk of oral cancer, and hypermethylation of the MGMT and DAPK genes may be a major indicator of early OSCC metastasis