Pré-seleção de poliploides por métodos foliares em acessos de bananeira

The objective of this work was to evaluate leaf methods to preselect banana putative polyploids in in vitro works with polyploidization. Leaf thickness, estimated from the specific masses of the fresh and dry matters of leaf disks, and leaf turgor, measured directly on the plants at 6:30 a.m. using the Wiltmeter equipment, were determined in diploid (Calcutta and Lidi), triploid (Grande Naine and Williams), and tetraploid (Bucanero and Calypso) banana. The evaluation of the DNA content was performed by flow cytometry, replacing the diploid Lidi by NBA, and the triploid Williams by Caipira. Genotypes with higher ploidy showed the highest fresh matter mass of the leaf disk. Leaf turgor potential was also significantly related to ploidy. Diploid genomes showed the lowest DNA contents (0.96 pg); the triploids Grande Naine (1.48 pg) and Caipira (1.63 pg), intermediate contents; and the tetraploids Calypso (1.90 pg) and Bucanero (2.26 pg), the highest contents. Fresh matter mass of leaf disks and leaf turgor, under proper irrigation management, can be used to preselect banana tetraploids in in vitro polyploidization studies.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar métodos foliares para pré-selecionar poliploides putativos de bananeira em trabalhos com poliploidização in vitro. A espessura foliar, estimada a partir da massa específica das matérias fresca e seca de discos foliares, e a turgescência foliar das plantas, medida diretamente nas plantas às 6h30 da manhã com o aparelho Wiltmeter, foram determinadas em mudas de bananeira diploides (Calcutta e Lidi), triploides (Grande Naine e Williams) e tetraploides (Bucanero e Calypso). A avaliação do conteúdo de DNA foi realizada por citometria de fluxo, tendo-se substituído o diploide Lidi pelo NBA, e o triploide Williams pelo Caipira. Os genótipos com maior ploidia apresentaram maior massa de matéria fresca do disco foliar. O potencial de turgescência foliar também se relacionou significativamente com a ploidia. Os genomas diploides apresentaram os menores conteúdos de DNA (0,96 pg); os triploides Grande Naine (1,48 pg) e Caipira (1,63 pg), conteúdos intermediários; e os tetraploides Calypso (1,90 pg) e Bucanero (2,26 pg), os maiores conteúdos. A massa de matéria fresca de discos foliares e a turgescência foliar das plantas, sob adequado manejo de irrigação, podem ser utilizadas para pré-selecionar tetraploides de bananeira em trabalhos de poliploidização in vitro

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Exercício físico previne alterações cardiometabólicas induzidas pelo uso crônico de glicocorticóides

FUNDAMENTO: Cronicamente, os glicocorticóides induzem alterações cardiometabólicas adversas, incluindo resistência à insulina, diabete, dislipidemia, esteatose hepática e hipertensão arterial. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o efeito da prática regular de exercício físico aeróbio sobre as alterações cardiometabólicas induzidas por administração crônica de dexametasona (Dex - 0,5 mg/kg/dia i.p) em ratos. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos (n = 24) foram divididos em quatro grupos: Grupo controle; Grupo treinado; Grupo tratado com Dex e Grupo tratado com Dex e treinado. O treinamento físico (iniciado 72 horas após a primeira dose de Dex) foi realizado 3 vezes por semana, até o final do tratamento. Ao final desse período, realizaram-se as seguintes avaliações bioquímicas: glicemia em jejum, teste de tolerância à glicose e análise do perfil lipídico no sangue que incluiu colesterol total (CT), LDL-c, HDL-c, VLDL-c e triglicerídeos (TG). O peso do músculo gastrocnêmio, análise histopatológica do fígado e os índices cardiometabólicos (CT/HDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c e TG/HDL-c) também foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: Observou-se hiperglicemia, menor tolerância à glicose, elevação do CT, LDL-c, VLDL-c e TG, diminuição do HDL-c, presença de esteatose hepática, hipotrofia muscular e elevação dos índices CT/HDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c e TG/HDL-c nos animais tratados com Dex. O exercício físico reduziu a hiperglicemia, melhorou a tolerância à glicose, reduziu a dislipidemia e preveniu a esteatose hepática , a hipotrofia muscular e reduziu os índices CT/HDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c e TG/HDL-c. Entretanto, não houve efeito significante do treinamento físico sobre o HDL-c. CONCLUSÃO: O exercício físico aeróbio tem efeito protetor contra as alterações cardiometabólicas induzidas pelo uso crônico de glicocorticóides

Nontuberculous mycobacteria in respiratory samples from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in the state of Rondonia, Brazil

The main cause of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). We aimed to evaluate the contribution of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) to pulmonary disease in patients from the state of Rondônia using respiratory samples and epidemiological data from TB cases. Mycobacterium isolates were identified using a combination of conventional tests, polymerase chain reaction-based restriction enzyme analysis of hsp65 gene and hsp65 gene sequencing. Among the 1,812 cases suspected of having pulmonary TB, 444 yielded bacterial cultures, including 369 cases positive for MTB and 75 cases positive for NTM. Within the latter group, 14 species were identified as Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium gilvum, Mycobacterium gordonae, Mycobacterium asiaticum, Mycobacterium tusciae, Mycobacterium porcinum, Mycobacterium novocastrense, Mycobacterium simiae, Mycobacterium szulgai, Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium holsaticum and 13 isolates could not be identified at the species level. The majority of NTM cases were observed in Porto Velho and the relative frequency of NTM compared with MTB was highest in Ji-Paraná. In approximately half of the TB subjects with NTM, a second sample containing NTM was obtained, confirming this as the disease-causing agent. The most frequently observed NTM species were M. abscessus and M. avium and because the former species is resistant to many antibiotics and displays unsatisfactory cure rates, the implementation of rapid identification of mycobacterium species is of considerable importance

Percursos DE educação linguística: uma homenagem a Maria Helena Ançã

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Deep analysis of wild Vitis flower transcriptome reveals unexplored genome regions associated with sex specification

RNA-seq of Vitis during early stages of bud development, in male, female and hermaphrodite flowers, identified new loci outside of annotated gene models, suggesting their involvement in sex establishment. The molecular mechanisms responsible for flower sex specification remain unclear for most plant species. In the case of V. vinifera ssp. vinifera, it is not fully understood what determines hermaphroditism in the domesticated subspecies and male or female flowers in wild dioecious relatives (Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris). Here, we describe a de novo assembly of the transcriptome of three flower developmental stages from the three Vitis vinifera flower types. The validation of de novo assembly showed a correlation of 0.825. The main goals of this work were the identification of V. v. sylvestris exclusive transcripts and the characterization of differential gene expression during flower development. RNA from several flower developmental stages was used previously to generate Illumina sequence reads. Through a sequential de novo assembly strategy one comprehensive transcriptome comprising 95,516 non-redundant transcripts was assembled. From this dataset 81,064 transcripts were annotated to V. v. vinifera reference transcriptome and 11,084 were annotated against V. v. vinifera reference genome. Moreover, we found 3368 transcripts that could not be mapped to Vitis reference genome. From all the non-redundant transcripts that were assembled, bioinformatics analysis identified 133 specific of V. v. sylvestris and 516 transcripts differentially expressed among the three flower types. The detection of transcription from areas of the genome not currently annotated suggests active transcription of previously unannotated genomic loci during early stages of bud development.funded project PTDC/AGR-GPL/119298/2010 from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal). MRocheta, JLCoito, JCunha, MCosta, MRamos and HGSilva are supported by FCT fellowships SFRH/BPD/64905/2009, SFRH/BD/85824/2012, SFRH/BPD/74895/2010, SFRH/BSAB/113781/2015, SFRH/BD/110274/2015 and SFRH/BD/111529/2015, respectively. We are also grateful to Eng. Eiras-Dias, curator from Portuguese Ampelographic Collection (property of Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Dois Portos) where sampling was performed, for the collaboration in this work allowing the access to the Vitis collectioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio