Who invented vaccination?

Edward Jenner, whose ‘Inquiry’ (1798)1 was the first published report of vaccination against smallpox, is widely seen as the inventor of vaccination. However, other individuals could lay claim to this title, notably his contemporaries, Benjamin Jesty and John Fewster. Jesty, a Dorset farmer, performed vaccinations in 1774, 22 years before Jenner’s first vaccination in 1796. Fewster, an apothecary-surgeon who knew Jenner personally, is also reported to have performed the procedure several years before Jenner. However, neither Jesty nor Fewster published or publicised their work and both were recognised retrospectively, notably by critics of Jenner. This article compares the contributions of these three putative ‘inventors’ of vaccination.peer-reviewe

Analisis Kebijakan Pemerintah Terkait Ancaman Penggangguran Pasca Kenaikan Inflasi di Kota Bogor

Inflation and unemployment are the two main problems in the economy, when inflation increases, the prices of goods and wages do not move at the same pace. high inflation and unemployment have a negative impact on the economy and stability of the country. He also stated that if inflation is high, unemployment will be low. This study uses a sample of inflation and unemployment rates in Bogor City in 2019-2021 based on the Central Statistics Agency. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis. The results of this study are the influence of low unemployment has a positive impact on the economy and workers, unemployment that is too low can push inflation up. But if the government takes steps to curb inflation, it could reduce unemployment and trigger a recession.  

PERAN GURU PENDIDIKAN AGAMA KRISTEN DALAM MENINGKATKAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK

Guru merupakan kompenen dan peranan penting dalam pendidikan pada saat proses pembelajaran berlangsung. Hubungan timbal balik oleh guru dan siswa saat proses pembelajaran terjadi karena adanya suatu tindakan yang telah dilakukan oleh guru dan siswa. peningkatan kualitas guru dalam proses pembelajaran dalat sebagai salah satu upaya peningkatan mutu pendidikan. Guru merupakan sosok yang menjadi teladan, baik dari segi pengetahuan maupun kepribadian bagi peserta didiknya. Istilah Jawa memaparkan bahwa guru merupakan orang yang dapat diteladani dan dapat ditiru. Maka dari itu, guru tidak hanya dituntut untuk menguasai ilmu yang akan diajarkan, memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan mengajar, tetapi guru juga dituntut untuk memiliki akhlak, karakter dan kepribadian yang sesuai dalam ajaran islam bagi peserta didik.dan meningkatkan motivasi belajar peserta didik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif berdasarkan pada teori-teori. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif analisis yang sebelumnya dibaca terlebih dahulu. Sumber data dikumpulkan melalui teknik studi literatur berbagai sumber, diantaranya buku, jurnal, artikel, dan skripsi yang sejalan dan berkaitan dengan judul yang dipilih oleh peneliti. Dalam tahapannya penelitian ini menggunakan teknis analisis dengan membaca data yang kemudian dibahas dan kemudian disimpulkan

Device Thrombogenicity Emulation: A Novel Method for Optimizing Mechanical Circulatory Support Device Thromboresistance

Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices provide both short and long term hemodynamic support for advanced heart failure patients. Unfortunately these devices remain plagued by thromboembolic complications associated with chronic platelet activation – mandating complex, lifelong anticoagulation therapy. To address the unmet need for enhancing the thromboresistance of these devices to extend their long term use, we developed a universal predictive methodology entitled Device Thrombogenicity Emulation (DTE) that facilitates optimizing the thrombogenic performance of any MCS device – ideally to a level that may obviate the need for mandatory anticoagulation

Flow Residence Time and Regions of Intraluminal Thrombus Deposition in Intracranial Aneurysms

Thrombus formation in intracranial aneurysms, while sometimes stabilizing lesion growth, can present additional risk of thrombo-embolism. The role of hemodynamics in the progression of aneurysmal disease can be elucidated by patient-specific computational modeling. In our previous work, patient-specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models were constructed from MRI data for three patients who had fusiform basilar aneurysms that were thrombus-free and then proceeded to develop intraluminal thrombus. In this study, we investigated the effect of increased flow residence time (RT) by modeling passive scalar advection in the same aneurysmal geometries. Non-Newtonian pulsatile flow simulations were carried out in base-line geometries and a new postprocessing technique, referred to as “virtual ink” and based on the passive scalar distribution maps, was used to visualize the flow and estimate the flow RT. The virtual ink technique clearly depicted regions of flow separation. The flow RT at different locations adjacent to aneurysmal walls was calculated as the time the virtual ink scalar remained above a threshold value. The RT values obtained in different areas were then correlated with the location of intra-aneurysmal thrombus observed at a follow-up MR study. For each patient, the wall shear stress (WSS) distribution was also obtained from CFD simulations and correlated with thrombus location. The correlation analysis determined a significant relationship between regions where CFD predicted either an increased RT or low WSS and the regions where thrombus deposition was observed to occur in vivo. A model including both low WSS and increased RT predicted thrombus-prone regions significantly better than the models with RT or WSS alone