On tunnel number one knots that are not (1,n)

We show that the bridge number of a $t$ bridge knot in $S^3$ with respect to an unknotted genus $t$ surface is bounded below by a function of the distance of the Heegaard splitting induced by the $t$ bridges. It follows that for any natural number $n$, there is a tunnel number one knot in $S^3$ that is not $(1,n)$.Comment: 7 page

Pseudocohnilembus longisetus, a hymenostome ciliate from Antarctica

In December 1961, Dr. Stanley Wilson, of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, collected some unidentified plant material from an exposed rock surface at an elevation of about 100 feet on Nelly Island, an island situated 12 miles west-northwest of Wilkes Station, Antarctica. This frozen collection was later received by the author and cultures were made from it in November 1962. A small ciliate was isolated from the material; subsequent studies of both living and silver impregnated animals identified it as a member of the genus Pseudocohnilembus ( Evans and Thompson, 1964)

Role of Inhibition in Binaural Processing

The medial and lateral superior olives (MSO, LSO) are the lowest order cell groups in the mammalian auditory circuit to receive massive binaural input. The MSO functions in part to encode interaural time differences (ITD), the predominant cue for localization of low frequency sounds. Binaural inputs to the MSO consist of excitatory projections from the cochlear nuclei (CN) and inhibitory projections from both the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) and lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body (LNTB). The interaction of excitatory and inhibitory currents within an MSO cell\u27s soma and dendrites over the backdrop of its intrinsic ionic conductances imbues ITD sensitivity to these neurons. Lloyd Jeffress proposed a coincidence detection circuit in which arrays of neurons receive sub-threshold excitatory inputs via delay lines that represent sound location as a place code of activity patterns within the cell group (Jeffress, 1948). The Jeffress place code model later found a neural instantiation in the MSO. Recent in vivo (McAlpine et al., 2001; Brand et al., 2002) studies have shown that peak discharge rates do not fall within the ecological range as the Jeffress model predicts but instead ITD is coded by changes in discharge rate. The timing of inhibition relative to excitation modulates the discharge rates of MSO cells (Brand et al., 2002; Chirila et al., 2007); however, the details of this circuit, such as the onset time of inhibition, are not well known. Although the MNTB and LNTB have been investigated in vivo and in vitro , they have not been well characterized with respect to their function in ITD processing in larger mammals. Additionally, inhibition is modulated by anesthesia and confounds in vivo experiments that examine the careful interplay of excitatory and inhibitory effects in the MSO. For this reason, these physiological experiments were performed on decerebrate unanaesthetized animals. Further investigation of the anatomical organization of inhibitory inputs was carried out as the basis for a comprehensive model of the MSO that incorporates the effects of binaural inhibiting projections to MSO neurons.;Unbiased stereological counts of the MNTB, MSO and subdivisions of the LNTB showed that the MSO and MNTB contain approximately the same number of cells. The main (m)LNTB, posteroventral (pv)LNTB and the hilus (h)LNTB are estimated to contain 3800, 1400, and 200 neurons respectively. Tonotopic organization of the MNTB and MSO show that in the low frequency area, MSO cells outnumber MNTB cells 2 to 1, suggesting a divergent innervation of the MSO from the MNTB. Injection of the retrograde tracer, biotinylated dextrane amine, in the MSO, labeled cells in the MNTB, pvLNTB and mLNTB and defines the important role that these sub-nuclei, and in particular the pvLNTB, have in ITD coding. Computational modeling of a single MSO cell suggests that when two sources of inhibition temporally frame excitation the coincidence detection window is refined and less sensitive to temporal fluctuations that otherwise might degrade ITD sensitivity. Finally, physiological properties of MNTB cells reveal a heterogeneous population of responses and less precise temporal coding than are found in their inputs, globular bushy cells

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND FACIES ANALYSIS OF THE ROLLINS SANDSTONE MEMBER (MOUNT GARFIELD FORMATION) AND RE-EXAMINATION OF THE CONTACT BETWEEN THE MOUNT GARFIELD AND WILLIAMS FORK FORMATIONS (LATE CRETACEOUS)

The Cretaceous Rollins Sandstone Member (Mount Garfield Formation) is the youngest marine sandstone deposited within the Sevier foreland basin in Colorado. The Rollins Sandstone Member is a complicated stratigraphic unit that consists of four progradationally stacked sequences. These sequences were deposited as a result of high-frequency changes in sea level. Each sequence initiates with an incised valley fill and contains a single parasequence within the highstand systems tract. Parasequences within highstand systems tracts contain offshore to marine-shoreface deposits. The top of the Rollins Sandstone Member is a surface that results from the progradation of a single strandline. This surface can be used as a regional datum. This new datum indicates there is no upward-climbing geometry at the top of the Mount Garfield Formation, and the Rollins Sandstone Member and the Cameo Wheeler coal zone (of the Williams Fork Formation) are not time-equivalent units. The marine- shoreface deposits within the Rollins Sandstone Member represent high-energy shorefaces. These shorefaces had daily wave heights of 1-2 m and Nor'easter-scale storms occurring several times a year. These high-energy conditions produced a straight coastline along the western edge of the Cretaceous Western Interior seaway

Seeing Green Through the Eyes of National Oil Companies: A Comparison of Gazprom’s and Petrobras’ Environmental Sustainability

The case studies of Gazprom and Petrobras are used to compare the interaction and relation between national oil companies, the state government and environmental policy. Specifically the paper seeks to address how the policy and interaction between the state government and the NOCs affect sustainable development of the preservation of the environment. The methodology used is set out by senior research international scholar, Eduardo Viola. He examines the state government’s position on the climate through three criteria: reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, domestic climate policies and the state’s international standing on the issue. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) GHG Inventory data, Brazil and Russia’s energy strategies and a third-party newspaper reporter will all be used to compare the two case studies. The research discovers that protection of the natural environment is an area of lesser importance to more predominant state goals of energy development and independence and the foreign policy agendas of legitimizing or leveraging the state’s energy capabilities towards other nations

Thermal Degradation Pathways of Aqueous Diamine CO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e Capture Solvents

Diamines have shown promise as CO2 capture solvents, yet very little is known about their pathway for thermal degradation. In this study, diamine thermal degradation was quantitatively monitored in lab-scale experiments on four aqueous diamine solvents; ethylenediamine (EDA) 1,2-propanediamine (1,2-DAP), 1,3-diaminopropane (1,3-DAP) and N-methyl-1,2-ethanediamine (NMEDA), to gain a more comprehensive understanding of their degradation pathway(s). The major degradation products were identified by high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). Degradation pathways were proposed showing that the primary thermal degradation route for this class of amine are through carbamate formation followed by intermolecular cyclization to form an imidazolidinone or nucleophilic attack by a free amine to form a diamine urea

Solubility and Thermodynamic Modeling of Carcinogenic Nitrosamines in Aqueous Amine Solvents for CO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e Capture

A better understanding of key fundamental properties of nitrosamines, including their solubility in aqueous amine solvents, is needed to understand and accurately model the vapor-phase emission levels from operating CO2 capture systems. In this work, the first experimental Henry\u27s volatility coefficient of a nitrosamine was obtained with a novel method using static headspace solid phase micro extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The experimentally determined Henry\u27s volatility coefficient of nitrosopyrrolidine (NPY) was found to be around 0.02 (dimensionless) at 25 °C, and falls in the range of a semi-volatile compound. A linear temperature dependency of the Henry\u27s volatility coefficient can be observed, however additional data is need to verify this trend

Kernel Metric Learning for Clustering Mixed-type Data

Distance-based clustering and classification are widely used in various fields to group mixed numeric and categorical data. A predefined distance measurement is used to cluster data points based on their dissimilarity. While there exist numerous distance-based measures for data with pure numerical attributes and several ordered and unordered categorical metrics, an optimal distance for mixed-type data is an open problem. Many metrics convert numerical attributes to categorical ones or vice versa. They handle the data points as a single attribute type or calculate a distance between each attribute separately and add them up. We propose a metric that uses mixed kernels to measure dissimilarity, with cross-validated optimal kernel bandwidths. Our approach improves clustering accuracy when utilized for existing distance-based clustering algorithms on simulated and real-world datasets containing pure continuous, categorical, and mixed-type data.Comment: 23 pages, 5 tables, 2 figure

Reduction of Amine Emissions from an Aqueous Amine Carbon Dioxide Capture System Using Charged Colloidal Gas Aphrons

The present invention includes a system and process to reduce amine mist emissions (or MEA) from carbon capture systems using colloidal gas aphrons (CGA), and includes a method for separating and recovering an amine solvent (e.g., in the form of entrained droplets/mist and/or fine aerosol particles) from a carbon dioxide scrubbed flue gas stream exiting a carbon capture system (e.g., oil-fired power plants, coal-fired power plants, and/or natural gas combined cycle plants)