Leaf area and its impact in yield and quality of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

This study aimed to estimate the tomato leaf area index (LAI) by comparing two methods (destructive and interception of photosynthetically active radiation) and the consequent relationship to fruit yield and quality. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with tezontle (red volcanic scoria) as the substrate and a drip irrigation system. The experiment consisted of three treatments: T1, T2 and T3, with one, two and three stems per plant, respectively. The LAI was measured with a ceptometer that estimates the intercepted radiation above and below the canopy. Maximum LAI was found at 1413 cumulative growing degree days (CGDD). Those indexes were 3.69, 5.27 and 6.16 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Individual correlation models were fitted linearly between the two methods. The R2 values were 0.98, 0.99 and 0.99 with yields of 20, 18 and 17 kg m-2 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. In addition, T1 produced better fruit size quality with approximately 69, 23 and 8% classified as first, second and third class, respectively. Only 1% was classified as a small fruit. Increasing the number of stems per plant increased the LAI and fruit number but decreased fruit size. Highlights: The leaf area index (LAI) is a very important variable for growth and development of crops. The ceptometer proved to be a fast, useful and statistically reliable method to estimate LAI. The increase of photosynthetically active radiation favors the photosynthetic efficiency per unit area. The number of stems per plant increase the LAI, dry matter accumulation, plant height and the number of fruits. However, the size of fruit decreases.This study aimed to estimate the tomato leaf area index (LAI) by comparing two methods (destructive and interception of photosynthetically active radiation) and the consequent relationship to fruit yield and quality. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with tezontle (red volcanic scoria) as the substrate and a drip irrigation system. The experiment consisted of three treatments: T1, T2 and T3, with one, two and three stems per plant, respectively. The LAI was measured with a ceptometer that estimates the intercepted radiation above and below the canopy. Maximum LAI was found at 1413 cumulative growing degree days (CGDD). Those indexes were 3.69, 5.27 and 6.16 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Individual correlation models were fitted linearly between the two methods. The R2 values were 0.98, 0.99 and 0.99 with yields of 20, 18 and 17 kg m-2 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. In addition, T1 produced better fruit size quality with approximately 69, 23 and 8% classified as first, second and third class, respectively. Only 1% was classified as a small fruit. Increasing the number of stems per plant increased the LAI and fruit number but decreased fruit size. Highlights: The leaf area index (LAI) is a very important variable for growth and development of crops. The ceptometer proved to be a fast, useful and statistically reliable method to estimate LAI. The increase of photosynthetically active radiation favors the photosynthetic efficiency per unit area. The number of stems per plant increase the LAI, dry matter accumulation, plant height and the number of fruits. However, the size of fruit decreases

Caracterización parcial de proteasas digestivas del chucumite (Centropomus parallelus)

Diversos estudios han abordado la caracterización de las diversas enzimas digestivas, lo cual es esencial para entender los tipos, modos de acción y nivel de actividad de dichas enzimas. Objetivos. La caracterización parcial de las proteasas digestivas se estudió en juveniles del chucumite (Centropomus parallelus, Poey 1869). Métodos. Se utilizaron técnicas bioquímicas y electroforéticas para la caracterización de proteasas. Resultados. La actividad de proteasas ácidas (estomacales) fue mayor a las proteasas alcalinas (intestinales). Asimismo, la actividad de la quimotripsina fue superior a la actividad de la tripsina. El pH óptimo para las proteasas estomacales fue de 2 con una alta estabilidad en el rango de pH 2-8, mientras que las proteasas intestinales mostraron dos picos con actividad a pH 8 y 10, siendo altamente estables a los pH 8 y 12. Las temperaturas óptimas se obtuvieron a 45 y 55 °C para proteasa estomacales e intestinales, respectivamente. Mediante el uso de inhibidores de proteasas se comprobó la presencia de pepsina en los extractos estomacales y de diversas serina proteasas en los extractos intestinales. Los zimogramas mostraron cinco bandas con actividad proteolítica alcalina (79.5, 48.9, 37.0, 29.0 y 22.5 kDa), las cuales fueron fuertemente inhibidas con PMSF, SBT1 y ovoalbúmina. Conclusiones. Por lo anterior, se considera que C. parallelus tiene una alta capacidad digestiva similar a otros peces marinos carnívoros estrictos

Acueducto del Padre Tembleque. Patrimonio de la Humanidad

Este libro reúne las investigaciones de un grupo de académicos de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, cuyo principal objetivo es poner en perspectiva la construcción de Tembleque desde diversas áreas del conocimiento. Las indagaciones del complejo hidráulico van desde el estudio arquitectónico, ecológico, ambiental, de biodiversidad, de ingeniería estructural e histórico, este último es fundamental para entender el contexto y la cultura en la cual se desarrolló, porque toda obra arquitectónica está íntimamente relacionada con su entorno. Los investigadores realizan una tarea extensa de las condiciones materiales del acueducto y las condiciones geográficas de la zona donde se encuentra y hacen énfasis en los acontecimientos históricos que sirven como punto de partida para su estudio. Este texto es producto de un esfuerzo colaborativo y multidisciplinario, encaminado a la exploración de las circunstancias que rodearon la edificación del Acueducto del Padre Tembleque

TV - Arquitectura y Medio Ambiente - AR309 - 202102

Descripción: El curso TV - Arquitectura y Medio Ambiente, es un taller que toma como énfasis el entorno natural, la sostenibilidad y los medios pasivos de climatización y adecuación a las posibles inclemencias naturales. Procurando al mismo tiempo, defender al medio natural del posible impacto generado por la edificación, comprendiendo a ambos como un todo integrado. Propósito: l propósito del curso es el de permitir al futuro arquitecto poder abordar un proyecto arquitectónico en diversas escalas, desde lo macro (con la comprensión del lugar y de las condicionantes del medio geográfico) hasta lo micro (con la correcta utilización de materiales y criterios constructivos), desarrollando una sensibilidad hacia el medio ambiente. La asignatura del Taller V contribuye al desarrollo de la competencia general: Pensamiento Innovador, y las competencias específicas: Diseño fundamentado (que corresponde a los criterios NAAB: PC2, PC3, PC5 y SC5) y, Técnica y construcción (que corresponde a los criterios NAAB: SC1, SC4 y SC6), todas estas en el nivel 2. Este curso tiene como requisito haber aprobado el Taller AR308 TIV - Arquitectura y Funcionalidad

TV - Arquitectura y Medio Ambiente - AR309 - 202101

Descripción: El curso TV - Arquitectura y Medio Ambiente, es un taller que toma como énfasis el entorno natural, la sostenibilidad y los medios pasivos de climatización y adecuación a las posibles inclemencias naturales. Procurando al mismo tiempo, defender al medio natural del posible impacto generado por la edificación, comprendiendo a ambos como un todo integrado. Propósito: l propósito del curso es el de permitir al futuro arquitecto poder abordar un proyecto arquitectónico en diversas escalas, desde lo macro (con la comprensión del lugar y de las condicionantes del medio geográfico) hasta lo micro (con la correcta utilización de materiales y criterios constructivos), desarrollando una sensibilidad hacia el medio ambiente. La asignatura del Taller V contribuye al desarrollo de la competencia general: Pensamiento Innovador, y las competencias específicas: Diseño fundamentado (que corresponde a los criterios NAAB: PC2, PC5, SC5) y, Técnica y construcción (que corresponde a los criterios NAAB: SC1, SC4, SC6), todas estas en el nivel 2. Este curso tiene como requisito previo haber aprobado el Taller AR308 TIV - Arquitectura y Funcionalidad

Reconstruction of interactions in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector with Pandora

International audienceThe Pandora Software Development Kit and algorithm libraries provide pattern-recognition logic essential to the reconstruction of particle interactions in liquid argon time projection chamber detectors. Pandora is the primary event reconstruction software used at ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment far detector. ProtoDUNE-SP, located at CERN, is exposed to a charged-particle test beam. This paper gives an overview of the Pandora reconstruction algorithms and how they have been tailored for use at ProtoDUNE-SP. In complex events with numerous cosmic-ray and beam background particles, the simulated reconstruction and identification efficiency for triggered test-beam particles is above 80% for the majority of particle type and beam momentum combinations. Specifically, simulated 1 GeV/$c$ charged pions and protons are correctly reconstructed and identified with efficiencies of 86.1$\pm0.6$% and 84.1$\pm0.6$%, respectively. The efficiencies measured for test-beam data are shown to be within 5% of those predicted by the simulation

Separation of track- and shower-like energy deposits in ProtoDUNE-SP using a convolutional neural network

International audienceLiquid argon time projection chamber detector technology provides high spatial and calorimetric resolutions on the charged particles traversing liquid argon. As a result, the technology has been used in a number of recent neutrino experiments, and is the technology of choice for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). In order to perform high precision measurements of neutrinos in the detector, final state particles need to be effectively identified, and their energy accurately reconstructed. This article proposes an algorithm based on a convolutional neural network to perform the classification of energy deposits and reconstructed particles as track-like or arising from electromagnetic cascades. Results from testing the algorithm on experimental data from ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype of the DUNE far detector, are presented. The network identifies track- and shower-like particles, as well as Michel electrons, with high efficiency. The performance of the algorithm is consistent between experimental data and simulation

Reconstruction of interactions in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector with Pandora

International audienceThe Pandora Software Development Kit and algorithm libraries provide pattern-recognition logic essential to the reconstruction of particle interactions in liquid argon time projection chamber detectors. Pandora is the primary event reconstruction software used at ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment far detector. ProtoDUNE-SP, located at CERN, is exposed to a charged-particle test beam. This paper gives an overview of the Pandora reconstruction algorithms and how they have been tailored for use at ProtoDUNE-SP. In complex events with numerous cosmic-ray and beam background particles, the simulated reconstruction and identification efficiency for triggered test-beam particles is above 80% for the majority of particle type and beam momentum combinations. Specifically, simulated 1 GeV/$c$ charged pions and protons are correctly reconstructed and identified with efficiencies of 86.1$\pm0.6$% and 84.1$\pm0.6$%, respectively. The efficiencies measured for test-beam data are shown to be within 5% of those predicted by the simulation

Reconstruction of interactions in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector with Pandora

International audienceThe Pandora Software Development Kit and algorithm libraries provide pattern-recognition logic essential to the reconstruction of particle interactions in liquid argon time projection chamber detectors. Pandora is the primary event reconstruction software used at ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment far detector. ProtoDUNE-SP, located at CERN, is exposed to a charged-particle test beam. This paper gives an overview of the Pandora reconstruction algorithms and how they have been tailored for use at ProtoDUNE-SP. In complex events with numerous cosmic-ray and beam background particles, the simulated reconstruction and identification efficiency for triggered test-beam particles is above 80% for the majority of particle type and beam momentum combinations. Specifically, simulated 1 GeV/$c$ charged pions and protons are correctly reconstructed and identified with efficiencies of 86.1$\pm0.6$% and 84.1$\pm0.6$%, respectively. The efficiencies measured for test-beam data are shown to be within 5% of those predicted by the simulation

Scintillation light detection in the 6-m drift-length ProtoDUNE Dual Phase liquid argon TPC

DUNE is a dual-site experiment for long-baseline neutrino oscillation studies, neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. ProtoDUNE Dual Phase (DP) is a 6 $\times$ 6 $\times$ 6 m$^3$ liquid argon time-projection-chamber (LArTPC) that recorded cosmic-muon data at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2019–2020 as a prototype of the DUNE Far Detector. Charged particles propagating through the LArTPC produce ionization and scintillation light. The scintillation light signal in these detectors can provide the trigger for non-beam events. In addition, it adds precise timing capabilities and improves the calorimetry measurements. In ProtoDUNE-DP, scintillation and electroluminescence light produced by cosmic muons in the LArTPC is collected by photomultiplier tubes placed up to 7 m away from the ionizing track. In this paper, the ProtoDUNE-DP photon detection system performance is evaluated with a particular focus on the different wavelength shifters, such as PEN and TPB, and the use of Xe-doped LAr, considering its future use in giant LArTPCs. The scintillation light production and propagation processes are analyzed and a comparison of simulation to data is performed, improving understanding of the liquid argon properties.DUNE is a dual-site experiment for long-baseline neutrino oscillation studies, neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. ProtoDUNE Dual Phase (DP) is a 6x6x6m3 liquid argon time-projection-chamber (LArTPC) that recorded cosmic-muon data at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2019-2020 as a prototype of the DUNE Far Detector. Charged particles propagating through the LArTPC produce ionization and scintillation light. The scintillation light signal in these detectors can provide the trigger for non-beam events. In addition, it adds precise timing capabilities and improves the calorimetry measurements. In ProtoDUNE-DP, scintillation and electroluminescence light produced by cosmic muons in the LArTPC is collected by photomultiplier tubes placed up to 7 m away from the ionizing track. In this paper, the ProtoDUNE-DP photon detection system performance is evaluated with a particular focus on the different wavelength shifters, such as PEN and TPB, and the use of Xe-doped LAr, considering its future use in giant LArTPCs. The scintillation light production and propagation processes are analyzed and a comparison of simulation to data is performed, improving understanding of the liquid argon properties