Mapa y jerarquía espacial de la pobreza en México. Un nuevo procedimiento para identificar el patrón espacial de los problemas sociales

Esta investigación presenta y aplica un nuevo procedimiento para jerarquizar espa- cialmente la pobreza. El método propuesto combina simultáneamente variables de magnitud e intensidad utilizando técnicas estadísticas recientes (remuestreo y auto - correlación espacial) y tradicionales, así como rutinas de superposición espacial de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica. Mientras magnitud e intensidad se refieren a datos absolutos y relativos, respec- tivamente, cada variable puede estar concentrada o aglomerada en el espacio. En este estudio, concentración es la presencia de valores globales altos, independiente- mente de su localización, y aglomeración es la concentración de valores locales altos espacialmente contiguos. Ambas, aglomeración y concentración, son fusionadas mediante un procedimiento de superposición geográfica para crear conglomerados de magnitud o intensidad de pobreza. Los casos al interior de estos conglomerados son clasificados por procedimientos gaussianos (discontinuidades naturales) o pa- retianos (puntas y colas) para crear una jerarquía espacial. Por primera vez en el estudio de la pobreza, la jerarquía espacial resultante es producto de la combinación simultánea de los procesos de concentración y aglome- ración medidos en términos absolutos y relativos. Los beneficios del procedimiento en una política pública espacialmente orientada son ilustrados abordando la focali- zación espacial de la pobreza en los 2 456 municipios mexicanos en el 2010. La meto- dología propuesta en esta investigación puede adaptarse fácilmente para identificar los patrones espaciales de otros problemas sociales, tales como crimen, industria, enfermedades, contaminación o justicia ambiental en diferentes áreas o países

Affordable laparoscopic simulator to acquire basic skills in undergraduate surgery students

Background: The simulation emerges as an option that allows students to practice in a safe environment, all this in a scenario that resembles the real situation.Methods: We developed a prototype of a low-cost simulator that mimics the dimensions of the abdominal cavity and allows the undergraduate students to acquire the basic skills in minimally invasive surgery.Results: In the 10 competencies evaluated, statistically significant improvement was found in both groups being higher in the students who were trained by our simulator of laparoscopic surgery compared with students who attended surgeries and participated as seconds assistants, taking as reference a value of p ≤0.05.Conclusions: The simulation as new teaching strategy generates a real environment and scenarios that can be recreated in multiple occasions, being able to change depending on the objectives for the acquisition of skills. This simulator gives the user skills for more types of simulation as it progresses in its surgical training

Clinical Symptoms of Arboviruses in Mexico

Arboviruses such as Chikungunya (CHIKV), Dengue (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) have emerged as a significant public health concern in Mexico. The existing literature lacks evidence regarding the dispersion of arboviruses, thereby limiting public health policy’s ability to integrate the diagnosis, management, and prevention. This study seeks to reveal the clinical symptoms of CHIK, DENV, and ZIKV by age group, region, sex, and time across Mexico. The confirmed cases of CHIKV, DENV, and ZIKV were compiled from January 2012 to March 2020. Demographic characteristics analyzed significant clinical symptoms of confirmed cases. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association between clinical symptoms and geographical regions. Females and individuals aged 15 and older had higher rates of reported significant symptoms across all three arboviruses. DENV showed a temporal variation of symptoms by regions 3 and 5, whereas ZIKV presented temporal variables in regions 2 and 4. This study revealed unique and overlapping symptoms between CHIKV, DENV, and ZIKV. However, the differentiation of CHIKV, DENV, and ZIKV is difficult, and diagnostic facilities are not available in rural areas. There is a need for adequately trained healthcare staff alongside well-equipped lab facilities, including hematological tests and imaging facilities

Imported malaria among African immigrants: is there still a relationship between developed countries and their ex-colonies?

© 2009 Millet et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

Higher COVID-19 pneumonia risk associated with anti-IFN-α than with anti-IFN-ω auto-Abs in children

We found that 19 (10.4%) of 183 unvaccinated children hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia had autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs (IFN-alpha 2 in 10 patients: IFN-alpha 2 only in three, IFN-alpha 2 plus IFN-omega in five, and IFN-alpha 2, IFN-omega plus IFN-beta in two; IFN-omega only in nine patients). Seven children (3.8%) had Abs neutralizing at least 10 ng/ml of one IFN, whereas the other 12 (6.6%) had Abs neutralizing only 100 pg/ml. The auto-Abs neutralized both unglycosylated and glycosylated IFNs. We also detected auto-Abs neutralizing 100 pg/ml IFN-alpha 2 in 4 of 2,267 uninfected children (0.2%) and auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-omega in 45 children (2%). The odds ratios (ORs) for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia were, therefore, higher for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 only (OR [95% CI] = 67.6 [5.7-9,196.6]) than for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-. only (OR [95% CI] = 2.6 [1.2-5.3]). ORs were also higher for auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 12.9 [4.6-35.9]) than for those neutralizing low concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 5.5 [3.1-9.6]) of IFN-omega and/or IFN-alpha 2

Mapa y jerarquía espacial de la pobreza en México. Un nuevo procedimiento para identificar el patrón espacial de los problemas sociales

Esta investigación presenta y aplica un nuevo procedimiento para jerarquizar espa- cialmente la pobreza. El método propuesto combina simultáneamente variables de magnitud e intensidad utilizando técnicas estadísticas recientes (remuestreo y auto - correlación espacial) y tradicionales, así como rutinas de superposición espacial de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica. Mientras magnitud e intensidad se refieren a datos absolutos y relativos, respec- tivamente, cada variable puede estar concentrada o aglomerada en el espacio. En este estudio, concentración es la presencia de valores globales altos, independiente- mente de su localización, y aglomeración es la concentración de valores locales altos espacialmente contiguos. Ambas, aglomeración y concentración, son fusionadas mediante un procedimiento de superposición geográfica para crear conglomerados de magnitud o intensidad de pobreza. Los casos al interior de estos conglomerados son clasificados por procedimientos gaussianos (discontinuidades naturales) o pa- retianos (puntas y colas) para crear una jerarquía espacial. Por primera vez en el estudio de la pobreza, la jerarquía espacial resultante es producto de la combinación simultánea de los procesos de concentración y aglome- ración medidos en términos absolutos y relativos. Los beneficios del procedimiento en una política pública espacialmente orientada son ilustrados abordando la focali- zación espacial de la pobreza en los 2 456 municipios mexicanos en el 2010. La meto- dología propuesta en esta investigación puede adaptarse fácilmente para identificar los patrones espaciales de otros problemas sociales, tales como crimen, industria, enfermedades, contaminación o justicia ambiental en diferentes áreas o países

Quantifying Media Effects, Its Content, and Role in Promoting Community Awareness of Chikungunya Epidemic in Bangladesh

Background: Chikungunya is a vector-borne disease, mostly present in tropical and subtropical regions. The virus is spread by Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitos and symptoms include high fever to severe joint pain. Dhaka, Bangladesh, suffered an outbreak of chikungunya in 2017 lasting from April to September. With the goal of reducing cases, social media was at the forefront during this outbreak and educated the public about symptoms, prevention, and control of the virus. Popular web-based sources such as the top dailies in Bangladesh, local news outlets, and Facebook spread awareness of the outbreak. Objective: This study sought to investigate the role of social and mainstream media during the chikungunya epidemic. The study objective was to determine if social media can improve awareness of and practice associated with reducing cases of chikungunya. Methods: We collected chikungunya-related information circulated from the top nine television channels in Dhaka, Bangladesh, airing from 1st April–20th August 2017. All the news published in the top six dailies in Bangladesh were also compiled. The 50 most viewed chikungunya-related Bengali videos were manually coded and analyzed. Other social media outlets, such as Facebook, were also analyzed to determine the number of chikungunya-related posts and responses to these posts. Results: Our study showed that media outlets were associated with reducing cases of chikungunya, indicating that media has the potential to impact future outbreaks of these alpha viruses. Each media outlet (e.g., web, television) had an impact on the human response to an individual’s healthcare during this outbreak. Conclusions: To prevent future outbreaks of chikungunya, media outlets and social media can be used to educate the public regarding prevention strategies such as encouraging safe travel, removing stagnant water sources, and assisting with tracking cases globally to determine where future outbreaks may occur